Abstract
Downtown activists often do not have the money, power, or responsibility they need to make desired changes downtown. Consequently, they may create an independent organization, depend on an existing institution, or rely on government to achieve their objectives.
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Notes
- 1.
“Texas Medical Center Institutions,” Greater Houston Partnership website, 2018, https://www.houston.org/newgen/13_Health_Care/13E%20W002%20TMC%20Institutions.pdf; “TMC: Texas Medical Center,” Texas Medical Center website, http://www.tmc.edu/about-tmc/facts-and-figures/; Alex Orlando, “Building a City of Medicine: The History of the Texas Medical Center,” Texas Medical Center website, August 19, 2014, http://www.tmc.edu/news/2014/08/building-a-city-of-medicine-the-history-of-the-texas-medical-center/
- 2.
Interview with Daniel Biederman, August 14, 2018.
- 3.
Alexander Garvin, What Makes a Great City, Washington, DC: Island Press, 2016, pp. 255–66.
- 4.
DTLA consists of the Fashion District, Arts District, Downtown Industrial District, Little Tokyo, Historic Downtown LA, Downtown Center, South Park, and South Park II.
- 5.
“DTLA by the Numbers,” DTLA website, 2018, https://www.downtownla.com/do-biz/dtla-by-the-numbers
- 6.
DTLA.
- 7.
Center City District and Central Philadelphia Development Corporation, “Philadelphia Employment,” Philadelphia, 2017, p. 1.
- 8.
Center City District and Central Philadelphia Development Corporation, “Plan and Budget for the Center City District 2018–2022,” Philadelphia, 2018, p. 5.
- 9.
Center City District and Central Philadelphia Development Corporation and U.S. Census.
- 10.
“2017 Housing Report: Building Optimism,” Center City District website, February 2017, http://www.centercityphila.org/uploads/attachments/ciziry4x7191nw1qde5cq0gcw-ccr17-housing.pdf
- 11.
Center City District and Central Philadelphia Development Corporation.
- 12.
Garvin, The American City, pp. 311–13.
- 13.
New York City Rent Guidelines Board, “2017 Housing Supply Report,” New York City Rent Guidelines Board website, May 25, 2017, https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/rentguidelinesboard/pdf/17HSR.pdf
- 14.
Statistics derived from Center City District and Central Philadelphia Development Corporation, “Center City Reports: 2017 Housing Report: Building on Optimism,” Philadelphia, February 2017.
- 15.
Center City District and Central Philadelphia Development Corporation.
- 16.
Roy Lubove, Twentieth Century Pittsburgh (vol. II), pp. 208–14, and Roy Lubove, Twentieth Century Pittsburgh (vol. I), New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1969, pp. 106–41.
- 17.
Garvin, The American City, pp. 197–99.
- 18.
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- 19.
Garvin, The American City, pp. 342–43.
- 20.
Garvin, The American City, pp. 206–9.
- 21.
Alexander Garvin, The Planning Game: Lessons from Great Cities, New York, NY: W.W Norton, 2013, pp. 54–58.
- 22.
Tom Jones, Shelby Farms Park: Elevating a City, Memphis, TN: Susan Schadt Press, 2017.
- 23.
Judith Rodin, The University & Urban Revival: Out of the Ivory Tower and Into the Streets, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007, p. 14.
- 24.
“State of Center City 2018,” Center City District website, https://www.centercityphila.org/research-reports
- 25.
It includes 54 medicine-related institutions, with 21 hospitals and 8 specialty institutions, 8 academic and research institutions, 4 medical schools, 7 nursing schools, 3 public health organizations, 2 pharmacy schools, and a dental school.
- 26.
“TMC Facts & Figures,” Texas Medical Center website, 2018, http://www.tmc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/TMC_FactsFiguresOnePager_0307162.pdf
- 27.
“Facts and Figures,” Texas Medical Center Corporation, 2016.
- 28.
Kate King, “Hospitals Inject New Life into Communities,” Wall Street Journal, March 21, 2018, p. A10A.
- 29.
“West Philadelphia Corporation (Philadelphia, Pa.) Records,” Temple University website, 2018, https://library.temple.edu/scrc/west-philadelphia-corporation
- 30.
Rodin, The University & Urban Revival, p. x.
- 31.
Rodin, The University & Urban Revival, p. 22.
- 32.
Rodin, The University & Urban Revival, pp. 48–49.
- 33.
Tyler Tran, data scientist, University City District.
- 34.
University City District, “2017 Annual Review,” Philadelphia, 2018.
- 35.
Yale University Office of New Haven and State Affairs.
- 36.
“Yale Homebuyer Program Renewed through 2019,” Yale News, December 21, 2017, https://news.yale.edu/2017/12/21/yale-homebuyer-program-renewed-through-2019
- 37.
Interview with Bruce Alexander, April 3, 2018.
- 38.
Arielle Levin Becker, “Schiavone, from the Banjo to the Stump,” Yale News, October 15, 2001, https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2001/10/15/schiavone-from-the-banjo-to-the-stump/
- 39.
Interview with Bruce Alexander, April 3, 2018.
- 40.
NYC Planning Commission, “Capital Needs and Priorities for the City of New York,” New York City, 1981, p. 2.
- 41.
NYC Planning Commission, Robert F. Wagner Jr., Chairman, “Capital Needs and Priorities for the City of New York,” New York City, March 1, 1978, p. 4.
- 42.
NYC Planning Commission, “Capital Needs and Priorities for the City of New York,” New York City, 1985, p. 1.
- 43.
Robert F. Wagner Jr., Chairman, NYC Planning Commission, “A New Direction in Transit,” New York City, December, 1978, p. 4.
- 44.
Alliance for Downtown New York, “Q3 2015 Residential Market Report.”
- 45.
Metropolitan Transportation Authority, “Advisory: MTA Celebrates Opening of New York Fulton Center,” November 4, 2014.
- 46.
David W. Dunlap, “A Sign of Renewal and a Reminder at Ground Zero,” New York Times, May 23, 2006.
- 47.
“East River Waterfront Esplanade,” New York City Economic Development Corporation website, last updated September 12, 2016, https://www.nycedc.com/project/east-river-waterfront-esplanade
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© 2019 Alexander Garvin
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Garvin, A. (2019). Organizations That Are Changing Downtown. In: The Heart of the City. Island Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-950-0_5
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