Abstract
It was almost inevitable that Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World (1726), now known as Gulliver’s Travels, would be permeated with the ideas, discoveries, practices and language associated with natural knowledge, given the changes in European culture brought about by the so-called ‘scientific revolution’. The travelogue form, which parodically structures its narrative, had become increasingly influenced by empirical modes of observation during the seventeenth century, and reports of voyages and field-trips were often found within the pages of the Royal Society’s Philosophical Transactions, gratifying a readership fascinated by exotic and prodigious specimens of nature. Indeed, Barbara M. Benedict has argued that as a product of and response to this culture of enquiry and wonder, Gulliver’s Travels ‘brims with satiric targets that embody curiosity’.1
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Notes
Barbara M. Benedict, Curiosity: A Cultural History of Early Modern Inquiry (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 110.
See John Mullan, ‘Swift, Defoe, and Narrative Forms’, in The Cambridge Companion to English Literature, 1650–1740, ed. Steven N. Zwicker (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 250–75 (pp. 251–53).
See esp. Marjorie Nicolson, ‘The Microscope and English Imagination’, in Science and Imagination (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1956), pp. 155–234 (pp. 194–99),
and Frederick N. Smith, ‘Scientific Discourse: Gulliver’s Travels and The Philosophical Transactions’, in The Genres of ‘Gulliver’s Travels’, ed. Smith (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1990), pp. 139–62 (pp. 140–43).
The Humble Petition of the Colliers (1716), and God’s Revenge Against Punning (1716), both republished in Miscellanies in Prose and Verse by Pope, Swift and Gay (1727–32), ed. Alexander Pettit, 4 vols (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2002), IV, 72–78, 53–56. See esp. Marjorie Hope Nicolson and G. S. Rousseau, ‘This Long Disease, My Life’: Alexander Pope and the Sciences (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968), pp. 156–66, 178–87,
and G. S. Rousseau, ‘Wicked Whiston and the English Wits’, in Enlightenment Borders: Pre- and Post-modern Discourses: Medical, Scientific (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 325–41.
On Derham’s theories of solar destruction, see Marjorie Nicolson and Nora M. Mohler, ‘The Scientific Background of Swift’s Voyage to Laputa’, Annals of Science, 2 (1937), 299–334 (pp. 310–12).
On Whiston as a target of the ‘Voyage to Laputa’, see esp. Nicolson and Mohler, ‘The Scientific Background of Swift’s Voyage to Laputa’, pp. 312–16, Dennis Todd, ‘Laputa, the Whore of Babylon, and the Idols of Science’, Studies in Philology, 75 (1978), 93–120 (pp. 107–109),
and David Charles Leonard, ‘Swift, Whiston, and the Comet’, English Language Notes, 16 (1979), 284–87.
See The Correspondence of Dr. John Arbuthnot, ed. Angus Ross (München: Fink, 2006), pp. 67–68.
‘Character of Doctor Sheridan’ (c. 1738), in PW, V, 216; Swift to Sheridan, 11 and 25 September 1725, in CJS, II, 595, 605. See Irvin Ehrenpreis, The Personality of Jonathan Swift (London: Methuen, 1958), pp. 109–14,
and also Swift (with Thomas Sheridan), The Intelligencer, ed. James Woolley (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), pp. 6–19. On Sheridan’s reputation as a high Tory and possible Jacobite, see Swift’s satirical ‘The History of the Second Solomon’ (c. 1729), in PW, V, 223, 226, and Swift to Thomas Tickell, 18 September 1725, in CJS, II, 599.
Richard S. Westfall, Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p. 595.
See Ricardo Quintana, The Mind and Art of Jonathan Swift (London: Oxford University Press, 1936), p. 316,
and Herbert Davis, ‘Swift and the Pedants’, in Jonathan Swift: Essays on His Satire and Other Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), pp. 199–215 (p. 206).
On satiric ‘miscegenation’, see John R. R. Christie, ‘Laputa Revisited’, in Nature Transfigured: Science and Literature, 1700–1900, eds Christie and Sally Shuttleworth (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), pp. 45–60.
See Patrick Kelly, ‘Swift on Money and Economics’, in The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Swift, ed. Christopher Fox (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 128–45 (pp. 135, 131),
and Sabine Baltes, The Pamphlet Controversy about Wood’s Halfpence (1722–25) and the Tradition of Irish Constitutional Nationalism (Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2003), pp. 107–108.
Swift to Francis Grant, 23 March 1733–34, in CJS, III, 730–31. On Swift’s strategies in The Drapier’s Letters, see Irvin Ehrenpreis, Acts of Implication: Suggestion and Covert Meaning in the Works of Dryden, Swift, Pope, and Austen (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), pp. 65–82.
Newton, Southwell and Scrope to the Treasury, 27 April 1724, in The Correspondence of Isaac Newton, eds A. Rupert Hall and Laura Tilling, 7 vols (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Royal Society, 1959–77), VII, 276–77.
Newton, Southwell and Scrope to the Treasury, in Correspondence, VII, 276. See Oliver W. Ferguson, Jonathan Swift and Ireland (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1962), p. 104.
Albert Goodwin, ‘Wood’s Halfpence’, The English Historical Review, 51 (1936), 647–74 (p. 649).
See The Drapier’s Letters, ed. Herbert Davis (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1935), p. 229,
J. M. Treadwell, ‘Swift, William Wood and the Factual Basis of Satire’, Journal of British Studies 15 (1976), 76–91,
and Johann N. Schmidt, ‘Swift’s Uses of Fact and Fiction: The Drapier’s Letters’, in Proceedings of the First Münster Symposium on Jonathan Swift, ed. Hermann J. Real and Heinz J. Vienken (München: Fink, 1985), pp. 247–56. Newton told his friend, the Boyle lecturer William Derham, that an agent of a person ‘of Quality’ had sought to speed up the introduction of the coinage through offering a bribe, but he refused (Derham, ‘Remarks on Sr Is. Newton’, with a covering letter to John Conduitt [18 July 1733], in King’s College Library, Cambridge, Keynes MS. 133, ff. 12–13, in NP).
See E. G. R. Taylor, The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, for the Institute of Navigation, 1954), p. 426, and Westfall, Never at Rest, pp. 834–36.
See Poems, III, 841–42, and also James Kelly, ‘Jonathan Swift and the Irish Economy in the 1720s’, Eighteenth-Century Ireland, 6 (1991), 7–36 (p. 13).
‘The Virtues of Sid Hamet the Magician’s Rod’ (1710), in Poems, I, 133 (ll. 40–42). See Christine Gerrard, The Patriot Opposition to Walpole: Politics, Poetry, and National Myth, 1725–1742 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), pp. 174–77.
Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 42, 93–94,
and Larry Stewart, The Rise of Public Science: Rhetoric, Technology, and Natural Philosophy in Newtonian Britain, 1660–1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), esp. pp. 175, 202.
Arthur E. Case, ‘Personal and Political satire in Gulliver’s Travels’, in Four Essays on ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1945; repr. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1958), pp. 69–96,
J. M. Treadwell, ‘Jonathan Swift: The Satirist as Projector’, Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 17 (1975), 439–60,
and Pat Rogers, ‘Gulliver and the Engineers’, Modern Language Review, 70 (1975), 260–70.
Simon Schaffer, ‘Augustan Realities: Nature’s Representatives and their Cultural Resources in the Early Eighteenth Century’, in Realism and Representation: Essays on the Problem of Realism in Relation to Science, Literature and Culture, ed. George Levine (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993), pp. 279–318.
On the conflict between the philosophical and the technical in Newtonianism, see Larry Stewart, ‘The Trouble with Newton in the Eighteenth Century’, in Newton and Newtonianism: New Studies, eds James E. Force and Sarah Hutton (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2004), pp. 221–237 (pp. 228–30).
See esp. Ian Higgins, Swift’s Politics: A Study in Disaffection (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 177.
David Renaker suggests unconvincingly that Laputa represents the French Cartesians (‘Swift’s Laputians as a Caricature of the Cartesians’, PMLA, 94 [1979], 936–44).
Meanwhile, Dolores J. Palomo argues that Lagado resembles the University of Leiden (‘The Dutch Connection: The University of Leiden and Swift’s Academy of Lagado’, The Huntington Library Quarterly, 41 [1977], 27–35), but many of the experiments are reminiscent of those conducted by the Royal Society at Gresham College and Crane Court, and published in the Philosophical Transactions.
A. Rupert Hall, ‘Newton versus Leibniz: From Geometry to Metaphysics’, in The Cambridge Companion to Newton, eds I. Bernard Cohen and George E. Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 431–54 (p. 444).
Steven Shapin, ‘Of Gods and Kings: Natural Philosophy and Politics in the Leibniz-Clarke Disputes’, Isis, 72 (1981), 187–215 (p. 190).
See Valerie Rumbold, ‘Burying the Fanatic Partridge: Swift’s Holy Week Hoax’, in Politics and Literature in the Age of Swift: English and Irish Perspectives, ed. Claude Rawson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 81–115 (pp. 97–99).
N. F. Lowe, ‘Why Swift Killed Partridge’, Swift Studies, 6 (1991), 70–82.
Flamsteed had links with astrologers in his early career, but it is doubtful Swift would have known of these. See Michael Hunter, ‘Science and Astrology in Seventeenth-Century England: An Unpublished Polemic by John Flamsteed’, in Astrology, Science and Society: Historical Essays, ed. Patrick Curry (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1987), pp. 261–86 (p. 264). On Partridge and Gadbury, see Patrick Curry, ‘Saving Astrology in Restoration England: “Whig” and “Tory” Reforms’, in Astrology, Science and Society, pp. 245–59 (pp. 249–52).
See Mary Poovey, A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998), pp. 120–38,
and Toby Barnard, Improving Ireland? Projectors, Prophets and Profiteers, 1641–1786 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2008), esp. pp. 41–50.
See esp. George Wittowsky, ‘Swift’s Modest Proposal: The Biography of an Early Georgian Pamphlet’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 4 (1943), 75–104,
and Peter M. Briggs, ‘John Graunt, Sir William Petty, and Swift’s Modest Proposal’, Eighteenth-Century Life, 29: 2 (Spring 2005), 3–24.
Robert P. Fitzgerald, however, argues ‘Newton did not really have a significant role in politics or political theory. It is more meaningful to read [the passage] as referring in specific to Bodin and Hobbes and in general to theoreticians of the abstract’ (‘Science and Politics in Swift’s Voyage to Laputa’, Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 87 [1988], 213–29 [p. 224]). Despite the connection between politics, astrology and the music of the spheres in Jean Bodin’s Les Six Livres De La République (1579), which Swift read and annotated (see PW, V, 244), the Irish context of the voyage suggests Newton or Petty are more likely targets.
An Essay on the Usefulness of Mathematical Learning (1701), in The Life and Works of John Arbuthnot, ed. George A. Aitken (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1892), pp. 409–35 (p. 429). Swift owned two editions of Plato: see LRJS, II, 1437–40.
On Pythagoras’s claim that he alone could hear the music of the spheres, see Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean Way of Life, eds John Dillon and Jackson Hershbell (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1991), Chap. 15, p. 91. See also ‘His Grace’s Answer to Jonathan’, l. 36, in Poems, II, 362. In ‘The Dean and the Lord Chancellor: Or, Swift Saving his Bacon’ in Britannien und Europa: Studien zur Literatur-, Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte. Festschrift für Jürgen Klein, ed. Michael Szczekalla (Frankfurt: Lang, 2010), pp. 95–111, Hermann J. Real emphasizes the importance of the inaudibility of the music of the spheres to mortal men, indicating another example of the Laputians’ futile endeavours.
See Brean Hammond, Pope (Brighton: Harvester New Readings, 1986), p. 117.
See Marjorie Nicolson and Nora M. Mohler, ‘Swift’s “Flying Island” in the Voyage to Laputa’, Annals of Science, 2 (1937), 405–30,
Sidney Gottlieb, ‘The Emblematic Background of Swift’s Flying Island’, Swift Studies, 1 (1986), 24–31,
Paul J. Korshin, ‘The Intellectual Context of Swift’s Flying Island’, Philological Quarterly, 50 (1971), 630–46,
and Robert C. Merton, ‘The “Motionless” Motion of Swift’s Flying Island’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 27 (1966), 275–77.
C. D. M. (Corolini di Marco), The Flying Island, &c. Being a Key to Gulliver’s Voyage to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Glubbdubdrib, Luggnag, and Japan. In a Third Letter to Dean Swift (London, 1726), p. 15, and see Gulliver’s Travels, eds Claude Rawson and Ian Higgins (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 324.
Gulliver’s Travels, ed. Paul Turner (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971; repr. 1994), p. 331, and C. D. M., The Flying Island, p. 15.
F. P. Lock, The Politics of ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), pp. 85, 102, 101; Case, ‘Personal and Political Satire in Gulliver’s Travels’, pp. 81–89. See also Firth, ‘The Political Significance of Gulliver’s Travels’, pp. 256–58.
See, for instance, Phillip Harth, ‘The Problem of Political Allegory in Gulliver’s Travels’, Modern Philology, 73: 4 (May 1976), S40–S47, and J. A. Downie, ‘Political Characterization in Gulliver’s Travels’, Yearbook of English Studies, 7 (1977), 108–20.
Irvin Ehrenpreis, ‘The Allegory of Gulliver’s Travels’, Swift Studies, 4 (1989), 13–28 (p. 23),
and Brean S. Hammond, ‘Applying Swift’, in Reading Swift: Papers from the Second Münster Symposium on Jonathan Swift, eds Richard H. Rodino and Hermann J. Real (München: Fink, 1993), pp. 185–97 (p. 187).
See also Hammond, ‘Allegory in Swift’s “Voyage to Laputa”’, in KM 80: A Birthday Album for Kenneth Muir (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1987), pp. 65–67.
See PW, X, xix–xx, and Herbert Davis, ‘Moral Satire’, in Swift, ‘Gulliver’s Travels’: A Casebook, ed. Richard Gravil (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1974), pp. 120–35 (p. 128).
Edward Said, ‘Swift the Intellectual’, in The World, the Text, and the Critic (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), pp. 72–89 (pp. 77, 83).
See Lester M. Beattie, John Arbuthnot: Mathematician and Satirist (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935), pp. 7–20, and John Arbuthnot, Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights and Measures, explain’d and exemplified in several dissertations (London, 1727), p. 109.
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Lynall, G. (2012). Laputian Newtons: Science, the Wood’s Halfpence Affair and Gulliver’s Travels . In: Swift and Science. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137016966_5
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