Skip to main content

Laputian Newtons: Science, the Wood’s Halfpence Affair and Gulliver’s Travels

  • Chapter
Swift and Science
  • 112 Accesses

Abstract

It was almost inevitable that Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World (1726), now known as Gulliver’s Travels, would be permeated with the ideas, discoveries, practices and language associated with natural knowledge, given the changes in European culture brought about by the so-called ‘scientific revolution’. The travelogue form, which parodically structures its narrative, had become increasingly influenced by empirical modes of observation during the seventeenth century, and reports of voyages and field-trips were often found within the pages of the Royal Society’s Philosophical Transactions, gratifying a readership fascinated by exotic and prodigious specimens of nature. Indeed, Barbara M. Benedict has argued that as a product of and response to this culture of enquiry and wonder, Gulliver’s Travels ‘brims with satiric targets that embody curiosity’.1

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Barbara M. Benedict, Curiosity: A Cultural History of Early Modern Inquiry (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 110.

    Google Scholar 

  2. See John Mullan, ‘Swift, Defoe, and Narrative Forms’, in The Cambridge Companion to English Literature, 1650–1740, ed. Steven N. Zwicker (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 250–75 (pp. 251–53).

    Google Scholar 

  3. See esp. Marjorie Nicolson, ‘The Microscope and English Imagination’, in Science and Imagination (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1956), pp. 155–234 (pp. 194–99),

    Google Scholar 

  4. and Frederick N. Smith, ‘Scientific Discourse: Gulliver’s Travels and The Philosophical Transactions’, in The Genres of ‘Gulliver’s Travels’, ed. Smith (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1990), pp. 139–62 (pp. 140–43).

    Google Scholar 

  5. The Humble Petition of the Colliers (1716), and God’s Revenge Against Punning (1716), both republished in Miscellanies in Prose and Verse by Pope, Swift and Gay (1727–32), ed. Alexander Pettit, 4 vols (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2002), IV, 72–78, 53–56. See esp. Marjorie Hope Nicolson and G. S. Rousseau, ‘This Long Disease, My Life’: Alexander Pope and the Sciences (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968), pp. 156–66, 178–87,

    Google Scholar 

  6. and G. S. Rousseau, ‘Wicked Whiston and the English Wits’, in Enlightenment Borders: Pre- and Post-modern Discourses: Medical, Scientific (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 325–41.

    Google Scholar 

  7. On Derham’s theories of solar destruction, see Marjorie Nicolson and Nora M. Mohler, ‘The Scientific Background of Swift’s Voyage to Laputa’, Annals of Science, 2 (1937), 299–334 (pp. 310–12).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. On Whiston as a target of the ‘Voyage to Laputa’, see esp. Nicolson and Mohler, ‘The Scientific Background of Swift’s Voyage to Laputa’, pp. 312–16, Dennis Todd, ‘Laputa, the Whore of Babylon, and the Idols of Science’, Studies in Philology, 75 (1978), 93–120 (pp. 107–109),

    Google Scholar 

  9. and David Charles Leonard, ‘Swift, Whiston, and the Comet’, English Language Notes, 16 (1979), 284–87.

    Google Scholar 

  10. See The Correspondence of Dr. John Arbuthnot, ed. Angus Ross (München: Fink, 2006), pp. 67–68.

    Google Scholar 

  11. ‘Character of Doctor Sheridan’ (c. 1738), in PW, V, 216; Swift to Sheridan, 11 and 25 September 1725, in CJS, II, 595, 605. See Irvin Ehrenpreis, The Personality of Jonathan Swift (London: Methuen, 1958), pp. 109–14,

    Google Scholar 

  12. and also Swift (with Thomas Sheridan), The Intelligencer, ed. James Woolley (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), pp. 6–19. On Sheridan’s reputation as a high Tory and possible Jacobite, see Swift’s satirical ‘The History of the Second Solomon’ (c. 1729), in PW, V, 223, 226, and Swift to Thomas Tickell, 18 September 1725, in CJS, II, 599.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Richard S. Westfall, Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p. 595.

    Google Scholar 

  14. See Ricardo Quintana, The Mind and Art of Jonathan Swift (London: Oxford University Press, 1936), p. 316,

    Google Scholar 

  15. and Herbert Davis, ‘Swift and the Pedants’, in Jonathan Swift: Essays on His Satire and Other Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), pp. 199–215 (p. 206).

    Google Scholar 

  16. On satiric ‘miscegenation’, see John R. R. Christie, ‘Laputa Revisited’, in Nature Transfigured: Science and Literature, 1700–1900, eds Christie and Sally Shuttleworth (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), pp. 45–60.

    Google Scholar 

  17. See Patrick Kelly, ‘Swift on Money and Economics’, in The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Swift, ed. Christopher Fox (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 128–45 (pp. 135, 131),

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. and Sabine Baltes, The Pamphlet Controversy about Wood’s Halfpence (1722–25) and the Tradition of Irish Constitutional Nationalism (Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2003), pp. 107–108.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Swift to Francis Grant, 23 March 1733–34, in CJS, III, 730–31. On Swift’s strategies in The Drapier’s Letters, see Irvin Ehrenpreis, Acts of Implication: Suggestion and Covert Meaning in the Works of Dryden, Swift, Pope, and Austen (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), pp. 65–82.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Newton, Southwell and Scrope to the Treasury, 27 April 1724, in The Correspondence of Isaac Newton, eds A. Rupert Hall and Laura Tilling, 7 vols (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Royal Society, 1959–77), VII, 276–77.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Newton, Southwell and Scrope to the Treasury, in Correspondence, VII, 276. See Oliver W. Ferguson, Jonathan Swift and Ireland (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1962), p. 104.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Albert Goodwin, ‘Wood’s Halfpence’, The English Historical Review, 51 (1936), 647–74 (p. 649).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. See The Drapier’s Letters, ed. Herbert Davis (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1935), p. 229,

    Google Scholar 

  24. J. M. Treadwell, ‘Swift, William Wood and the Factual Basis of Satire’, Journal of British Studies 15 (1976), 76–91,

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. and Johann N. Schmidt, ‘Swift’s Uses of Fact and Fiction: The Drapier’s Letters’, in Proceedings of the First Münster Symposium on Jonathan Swift, ed. Hermann J. Real and Heinz J. Vienken (München: Fink, 1985), pp. 247–56. Newton told his friend, the Boyle lecturer William Derham, that an agent of a person ‘of Quality’ had sought to speed up the introduction of the coinage through offering a bribe, but he refused (Derham, ‘Remarks on Sr Is. Newton’, with a covering letter to John Conduitt [18 July 1733], in King’s College Library, Cambridge, Keynes MS. 133, ff. 12–13, in NP).

    Google Scholar 

  26. See E. G. R. Taylor, The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, for the Institute of Navigation, 1954), p. 426, and Westfall, Never at Rest, pp. 834–36.

    Google Scholar 

  27. See Poems, III, 841–42, and also James Kelly, ‘Jonathan Swift and the Irish Economy in the 1720s’, Eighteenth-Century Ireland, 6 (1991), 7–36 (p. 13).

    Google Scholar 

  28. ‘The Virtues of Sid Hamet the Magician’s Rod’ (1710), in Poems, I, 133 (ll. 40–42). See Christine Gerrard, The Patriot Opposition to Walpole: Politics, Poetry, and National Myth, 1725–1742 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), pp. 174–77.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  29. Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 42, 93–94,

    Google Scholar 

  30. and Larry Stewart, The Rise of Public Science: Rhetoric, Technology, and Natural Philosophy in Newtonian Britain, 1660–1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), esp. pp. 175, 202.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Arthur E. Case, ‘Personal and Political satire in Gulliver’s Travels’, in Four Essays on ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1945; repr. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1958), pp. 69–96,

    Google Scholar 

  32. J. M. Treadwell, ‘Jonathan Swift: The Satirist as Projector’, Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 17 (1975), 439–60,

    Google Scholar 

  33. and Pat Rogers, ‘Gulliver and the Engineers’, Modern Language Review, 70 (1975), 260–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Simon Schaffer, ‘Augustan Realities: Nature’s Representatives and their Cultural Resources in the Early Eighteenth Century’, in Realism and Representation: Essays on the Problem of Realism in Relation to Science, Literature and Culture, ed. George Levine (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993), pp. 279–318.

    Google Scholar 

  35. On the conflict between the philosophical and the technical in Newtonianism, see Larry Stewart, ‘The Trouble with Newton in the Eighteenth Century’, in Newton and Newtonianism: New Studies, eds James E. Force and Sarah Hutton (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2004), pp. 221–237 (pp. 228–30).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  36. See esp. Ian Higgins, Swift’s Politics: A Study in Disaffection (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 177.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  37. David Renaker suggests unconvincingly that Laputa represents the French Cartesians (‘Swift’s Laputians as a Caricature of the Cartesians’, PMLA, 94 [1979], 936–44).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Meanwhile, Dolores J. Palomo argues that Lagado resembles the University of Leiden (‘The Dutch Connection: The University of Leiden and Swift’s Academy of Lagado’, The Huntington Library Quarterly, 41 [1977], 27–35), but many of the experiments are reminiscent of those conducted by the Royal Society at Gresham College and Crane Court, and published in the Philosophical Transactions.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. A. Rupert Hall, ‘Newton versus Leibniz: From Geometry to Metaphysics’, in The Cambridge Companion to Newton, eds I. Bernard Cohen and George E. Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 431–54 (p. 444).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Steven Shapin, ‘Of Gods and Kings: Natural Philosophy and Politics in the Leibniz-Clarke Disputes’, Isis, 72 (1981), 187–215 (p. 190).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. See Valerie Rumbold, ‘Burying the Fanatic Partridge: Swift’s Holy Week Hoax’, in Politics and Literature in the Age of Swift: English and Irish Perspectives, ed. Claude Rawson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 81–115 (pp. 97–99).

    Google Scholar 

  42. N. F. Lowe, ‘Why Swift Killed Partridge’, Swift Studies, 6 (1991), 70–82.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Flamsteed had links with astrologers in his early career, but it is doubtful Swift would have known of these. See Michael Hunter, ‘Science and Astrology in Seventeenth-Century England: An Unpublished Polemic by John Flamsteed’, in Astrology, Science and Society: Historical Essays, ed. Patrick Curry (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1987), pp. 261–86 (p. 264). On Partridge and Gadbury, see Patrick Curry, ‘Saving Astrology in Restoration England: “Whig” and “Tory” Reforms’, in Astrology, Science and Society, pp. 245–59 (pp. 249–52).

    Google Scholar 

  44. See Mary Poovey, A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998), pp. 120–38,

    Book  Google Scholar 

  45. and Toby Barnard, Improving Ireland? Projectors, Prophets and Profiteers, 1641–1786 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2008), esp. pp. 41–50.

    Google Scholar 

  46. See esp. George Wittowsky, ‘Swift’s Modest Proposal: The Biography of an Early Georgian Pamphlet’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 4 (1943), 75–104,

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. and Peter M. Briggs, ‘John Graunt, Sir William Petty, and Swift’s Modest Proposal’, Eighteenth-Century Life, 29: 2 (Spring 2005), 3–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Robert P. Fitzgerald, however, argues ‘Newton did not really have a significant role in politics or political theory. It is more meaningful to read [the passage] as referring in specific to Bodin and Hobbes and in general to theoreticians of the abstract’ (‘Science and Politics in Swift’s Voyage to Laputa’, Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 87 [1988], 213–29 [p. 224]). Despite the connection between politics, astrology and the music of the spheres in Jean Bodin’s Les Six Livres De La République (1579), which Swift read and annotated (see PW, V, 244), the Irish context of the voyage suggests Newton or Petty are more likely targets.

    Google Scholar 

  49. An Essay on the Usefulness of Mathematical Learning (1701), in The Life and Works of John Arbuthnot, ed. George A. Aitken (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1892), pp. 409–35 (p. 429). Swift owned two editions of Plato: see LRJS, II, 1437–40.

    Google Scholar 

  50. On Pythagoras’s claim that he alone could hear the music of the spheres, see Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean Way of Life, eds John Dillon and Jackson Hershbell (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1991), Chap. 15, p. 91. See also ‘His Grace’s Answer to Jonathan’, l. 36, in Poems, II, 362. In ‘The Dean and the Lord Chancellor: Or, Swift Saving his Bacon’ in Britannien und Europa: Studien zur Literatur-, Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte. Festschrift für Jürgen Klein, ed. Michael Szczekalla (Frankfurt: Lang, 2010), pp. 95–111, Hermann J. Real emphasizes the importance of the inaudibility of the music of the spheres to mortal men, indicating another example of the Laputians’ futile endeavours.

    Google Scholar 

  51. See Brean Hammond, Pope (Brighton: Harvester New Readings, 1986), p. 117.

    Google Scholar 

  52. See Marjorie Nicolson and Nora M. Mohler, ‘Swift’s “Flying Island” in the Voyage to Laputa’, Annals of Science, 2 (1937), 405–30,

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Sidney Gottlieb, ‘The Emblematic Background of Swift’s Flying Island’, Swift Studies, 1 (1986), 24–31,

    Google Scholar 

  54. Paul J. Korshin, ‘The Intellectual Context of Swift’s Flying Island’, Philological Quarterly, 50 (1971), 630–46,

    Google Scholar 

  55. and Robert C. Merton, ‘The “Motionless” Motion of Swift’s Flying Island’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 27 (1966), 275–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. C. D. M. (Corolini di Marco), The Flying Island, &c. Being a Key to Gulliver’s Voyage to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Glubbdubdrib, Luggnag, and Japan. In a Third Letter to Dean Swift (London, 1726), p. 15, and see Gulliver’s Travels, eds Claude Rawson and Ian Higgins (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 324.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Gulliver’s Travels, ed. Paul Turner (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971; repr. 1994), p. 331, and C. D. M., The Flying Island, p. 15.

    Google Scholar 

  58. F. P. Lock, The Politics of ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), pp. 85, 102, 101; Case, ‘Personal and Political Satire in Gulliver’s Travels’, pp. 81–89. See also Firth, ‘The Political Significance of Gulliver’s Travels’, pp. 256–58.

    Google Scholar 

  59. See, for instance, Phillip Harth, ‘The Problem of Political Allegory in Gulliver’s Travels’, Modern Philology, 73: 4 (May 1976), S40–S47, and J. A. Downie, ‘Political Characterization in Gulliver’s Travels’, Yearbook of English Studies, 7 (1977), 108–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Irvin Ehrenpreis, ‘The Allegory of Gulliver’s Travels’, Swift Studies, 4 (1989), 13–28 (p. 23),

    Google Scholar 

  61. and Brean S. Hammond, ‘Applying Swift’, in Reading Swift: Papers from the Second Münster Symposium on Jonathan Swift, eds Richard H. Rodino and Hermann J. Real (München: Fink, 1993), pp. 185–97 (p. 187).

    Google Scholar 

  62. See also Hammond, ‘Allegory in Swift’s “Voyage to Laputa”’, in KM 80: A Birthday Album for Kenneth Muir (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1987), pp. 65–67.

    Google Scholar 

  63. See PW, X, xix–xx, and Herbert Davis, ‘Moral Satire’, in Swift, ‘Gulliver’s Travels’: A Casebook, ed. Richard Gravil (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1974), pp. 120–35 (p. 128).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Edward Said, ‘Swift the Intellectual’, in The World, the Text, and the Critic (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), pp. 72–89 (pp. 77, 83).

    Google Scholar 

  65. See Lester M. Beattie, John Arbuthnot: Mathematician and Satirist (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935), pp. 7–20, and John Arbuthnot, Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights and Measures, explain’d and exemplified in several dissertations (London, 1727), p. 109.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2012 Gregory Lynall

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lynall, G. (2012). Laputian Newtons: Science, the Wood’s Halfpence Affair and Gulliver’s Travels . In: Swift and Science. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137016966_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics