Abstract
About 200 miles northwest of Moscow lies the city and province of Tver, one of Russia’s most ancient cities and by 1900 an area of textile factories and a “notoriously liberal” aristocracy.1 The liberals grouped themselves around the provincial zemstvo, an organ of local self-government created in 1864 by Emperor Alexander II as part of his package of “Great Reforms,” the most important of which abolished serfdom in 1861. The zemstvos were very important in promoting literacy, better health care, and agricultural improvement, but they received no funds from the central government and were always subject to be overruled by St. Petersburg or even the local governor who was appointed by the emperor. At best the zemstvos were a first step toward the creation of a new political order in Russia.
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Notes
Richard Charques, The Twilight of Imperial Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958), 87.
Orlando Figes, A People’s Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution (New York: Viking, 1997), 165.
Hugh Phillips, “Riots, Strikes and Soviets: The Revolution of 1905 in Tver,” Revolutionary Russia 17 (2004): 49–65.
Walter Laqueur, A History of Terrorism (New Brunswick: Transaction, 2001), 11.
Anna Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 251.
Peter Deriabin, Watchdogs of Terror: Russian Bodyguards from the Tsars to the Commissars, 2nd ed. (Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1984), 139.
Nicholas Riasanovsky and Mark Steinberg, A History of Russia, 7th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 387.
Richard Pipes, The Degaev Affair: Terror and Treason in Tsarist Russia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), 18–19.
Michael Florinsky, Russia: A History and Interpretation, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1953–55), 2:1080–1081; David Saunders, Russia in the Age of Reaction and Reform, 1801–1881 (New York: Longman, 1991), 334–335.
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© 2008 Isaac Land
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Phillips, H. (2008). The War against Terrorism in Late Imperial and Early Soviet Russia. In: Land, I. (eds) Enemies of Humanity. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230612549_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230612549_11
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