Abstract
Through a case study of Angolans settled in north-west Zambia, this chapter explores the gap between the formal regulatory environment that prohibits the integration of refugees and its local articulation that delivers precisely the opposite. Those who arrived as Angolan refugees have established a durable space of belonging, with a sustained welcome from local villagers, which has proved robust in the face of the government’s repatriation programme. The chapter shows how the underlying patterns of mobility, cross-border livelihoods and the sense of belonging have a continuity which is little affected by the vagaries of refugee policy defined by distant governments. This is not a story of resistance but one of local adaptation and reinterpretation of the law enabling former refugees effectively to become Zambian citizens.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
National Archives of Zambia: NWP 1/2/2 Tour Report No. 4 of 1938: N.S Price.
- 2.
Cabinet Minutes 28/7/1967 MFA/5/266/01CONF/Part 1/Loc 527, Refugees from Zambia, Zambian National Archives.
- 3.
Reservations made to Articles 17(2), 22, 26, 28 and 34.
References
Bakewell, Oliver. 2000. Repatriation and Self-Settled Refugees in Zambia: Bringing Solutions to the Wrong Problems. Journal of Refugee Studies 13 (4): 356–373.
———. 2007. The Meaning and Use of Identity Papers: Handheld and Heartfelt Nationality in the Borderlands of North-West Zambia. Oxford: International Migration Institute.
———. 2015. Moving from War to Peace in the Zambia-Angola Borderlands. In Mobility Makes States, ed. Darshan Vigneswaran and Joel Quirk, 194–217. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Baud, M. Michiel, and W. Willem Van Schendel. 1997. Toward a Comparative History of Borderlands. Journal of World History 8 (2): 211–242.
Ceuppens, Bambi, and Peter Geschiere. 2005. Autochthony: Local or Global? New Modes in the Struggle over Citizenship and Belonging in Africa and Europe. Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (1): 385–407. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120354.
Chisanga, B. 1996. National Refugee Policy in Zambia: Implications for Intergroup Relations Between Refugees and Zambian Communities. 5th International Research and Advisory Panel on Forced Migration, Eldoret, Kenya, 9–12 April 1996.
Geschiere, Peter. 2009. The Perils of Belonging: Autochthony, Citizenship, and Exclusion in Africa and Europe. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Larmer, Miles, and Giacomo Macola. 2007. The Origins, Context, and Political Significance of the Mushala Rebellion Against the Zambian One-Party State (Adamson Mushala). International Journal of African Historical Studies 40 (3): 471–496.
Long, Norman. 1968. Social Change and the Individual: A Study of the Social and Religious Responses to Innovation in a Zambian Rural Community. Manchester: Published for the Institute for Social Research University of Zambia by Manchester University Press.
McCulloch, M. 1951. The Southern Lunda and Related Peoples (Northern Rhodesia, Angolan, Belgian Congo). In Ethnographic Survey of Africa, West Central Africa Part 1. London: International African Institute.
von Oppen, Achim. 1995. Terms of Trade and Terms of Trust: The History and Contexts of Pre-Colonial Market Production Around the Upper Zambezi and Kasai. Hamburg: Lit.
Papstein, Robert. 1989. From Ethnic Identity to Tribalism: The Upper Zambezi Region of Zambia 1830–1981. In The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa, ed. Leroy Vail, 373–391. London: James Currey.
Peša, Iva. 2009. Cinderella’s Cassava: A Historical Study of Agricultural Adaptation in Mwinilunga District from Precolonial Times to Independence. MPhil African Studies MPhil, African Studies Centre, University of Leiden.
Pottier, Johan. 1988. Migrants No More: Settlements and Survival in Mambwe Villages, Zambia. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Pritchett, James Anthony. 1990. Continuity and Change in an African Society: The Kanongesha Lunda of Mwinilunga, Zambia. PhD, Harvard University.
———. 2001. The Lunda-Ndembu: Style, Change, and Social Transformation in South Central Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Richards, Audrey I., ed. 1973 [1952]. Economic Development and Tribal Change: A Study of Immigrant Labour in Buganda, Rev. ed. Nairobi and London: Oxford University Press.
Turner, Victor. 1957. Schism and Continuity in an African Society: A Study of Ndembu Village Life. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
UNHCR. 2007. 2006 Global Trends: Refugees, Asylum-seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
Van Velsen, J. 1960. Labour Migration as Positive Factor in the Continuity of Tonga Tribal Society. Economic Development and Cultural Change 8 (2): 265–278.
Watson, W. 1958. Tribal Cohesion in a Money Economy: A Study of the Mambwe People of Zambia. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Whitaker, Beth Elise. 2005. Citizens and Foreigners: Democratization and the Politics of Exclusion in Africa. African Studies Review 48 (1): 109–126.
White, C.M.N. 1960. An Outline of Luvale Social and Political Organization. In Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, No. 30. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Wulff, K. 1989. Review of UNHCR Operations in Zambia. UNHCR ZAM/EVAL, 9 August.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bakewell, O. (2018). Negotiating a Space of Belonging: A Case Study from the Zambia-Angolan Borderlands. In: Bakewell, O., Landau, L. (eds) Forging African Communities. Global Diversities. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58194-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58194-5_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-58193-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-58194-5
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)