Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Design and operation of immobilized enzyme reactors

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Advances in Biochemical Engineering, Volume 10

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemical Engineering ((ABE,volume 10))

Abstract

This review encompasses recent advances in the design and operation of immobilized enzyme reactors for industrial applications. Basic immobilized enzyme reactor engineering concepts are described as a reference point for recent innovations. Although practical examples are cited, the subject is approached from the viewpoint of reactor design and operation and the potential general applicability of new concepts or developments. Areas reviewed include reactor types, reactor performance, operating strategy, and general design and economic considererations. Most of the progress reported in this field is in the form of refinements, rather than basic innovations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Abbreviations

am :

surface area per unit volume

av :

ratio of particle surface area to reactor volume

dp :

particle diameter

D:

substrate diffusivity

Deff :

effective diffusivity=DΘ/τ

D0 :

bulk diffusivity

E:

enzyme activity

Et :

total enzyme activity

F:

flow rate

Fi :

initial feed rate

g:

acceleration due to gravity

G:

mass velocity per unit superficial bed cross section

H:

number of half-lives utilization of IME

J:

dimensionless group

k:

turnover number

km :

mass transfer coefficient

k'm :

value of km for a sphere setting at its terminal velocity

kv :

reaction velocity constant

K:

equilibrium constant

Ki :

product inhibition constant

Km :

Michaelis constant

K'm :

substrate inhibition constant

Kp :

constant (Michaelis type for reverse reaction)

L:

flat plate thickness

Lc :

bed height

m:

order of reaction

M:

general modulus

N:

number of reactors

NGa :

Galileo number=d 3p ρ(ρ s − ρ)g/u2

NPe :

Peclet number=dpu/D

NRe :

Reynolds number=dpG/μ

(NRe)mf :

minimum fluidization Reynolds number

NSc :

Schmidt number=μ/ρD

P:

product concentration

Pt :

total production

r:

radial distance

Rp :

ratio of low to high production rate

S:

substrate concentration

Sb :

bulk substrate concentration

S0 :

initial substrate concentration

Ss :

substrate concentration at catalyst surface

St :

total substrate concentration if all product coverted to substrate

t:

reaction time

t1/2 :

enzyme half life

tp :

total period of time of reactor operation

u:

fluid velocity

v:

reaction velocity

vi :

intrinsic reaction rate

Vm :

kE (maximum reaction velocity)

Vs :

substrate volume

W:

weight of immobilized enzyme

X:

(S0 − S)/S0=fractional conversion

Xe :

Xt at equilibrium

Xi :

St − S0/St

Xt :

St − S/St

Y1 :

mole fraction substrate in feed

Y2 :

mole fraction substrate in product

z:

column height, assuming film diffusion to the rate controlling step

Z:

(NRe)mf/RRe

ε:

void fraction

η:

effectiveness factor

OL:

modulus

μ:

fluid viscosity

ρ:

fluid density

ρ s :

solid density

Θ:

particle internal porosity

τ:

tortuosity (ratio of actual diffusion path length to straight line distance)

14 References

  1. Pitcher, W. H. Jr.: Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. 12(1), 37 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Pitcher, W. H. Jr.: In Immobilized Enzymes for Industrial Reactors. R. A. Messing (Ed.), p. 151. New York: Academic Press, Inc. 1975

    Google Scholar 

  3. Vieth, W. R., Venkatasubramanian, K., Constantinides, A., Davidson, B.: In: Applied Biochemistry and Bioengineering, p. 221. New York: Academic Press, Inc. 1976

    Google Scholar 

  4. O'Neill, S. P., Wykes, J. R., Dunnill, P., Lilly, M. D.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 13, 319 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Coughlin, R. W., Aizawa, M., Charles, M.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 18, 199 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Robinson, P. J., Dunnill, P., Lilly, M. D.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 15, 603 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Havewala, N. B., Weetall, H. H.: U. S. Pat. 3767535 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dinelli, D.: Process Biochem. 9 (August 1972)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Morisi, F., Pastore, M., Viglia, A.: J. Dairy Sci. 56, 1123 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Marconi, W., Gulinelli, S., Morisi, F.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 16, 501 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Closset, G. P., Shah, Y. T., Cobb, J. T.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 15, 441 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Closset, G. P., Cobb, J. T., Shah, Y. T.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 16, 345 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Emery, A. H.: In: Enzyme Engineering, Vol. 2, E. K. Pye, L. B. Wingard, Jr. (Eds.), P. 269. New York: Plenum Press 1974

    Google Scholar 

  14. Venkatasubramanian, K., Vieth, W. R.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 15, 583 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Horvath, C., Solomon, B. A., Engasser, J. M.: Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 12, 431 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Coughlin, R. W.: U. S. Pat. 3928143 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Charles, M., Coughlin, R. W., Allen, B. R., Paruchuri, E. K., Hasselberger, F. X.: Increasing Economic Value of Whey Waste waters Using Immobilized Lactase. Paper 17b, presented at AIChE 66th Annual Meeting, Philadelphia (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lee, Y. Y., Wun, K., Tsao, G. T.: Kinetics and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Glucose Isomerase Immobilized on Porous Glass. Paper 11a, presented at the AIChE 77th National Meeting, Pittsburgh (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Emery, A. N., Revel. Chion, L.: Hydrodynamic Effects in the Design of Fluidized Bed Immobilized Enzyme Reactors. Paper 11b, presented at the AIChE 77th National Meeting, Pittsburgh (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Shumate, S. E.: Multi-Stage Tapered Fluidized Beds as Bioreactors. Presented at Enzyme Engineering Conference, Portland, Oregon (August 1975)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gellf, G., Boudrant, J.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 334, 467 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lilly, M. D.: Comments at Enzyme Engineering Conference, Bad Neuenahr, Germany (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Havewala, N. B., Pitcher, W. H.: In: Enzyme Engineering, Vol. 2, E. K. Pye, L. B., Wingard, Jr. (Eds.), p. 315. New York: Plenum Press 1974

    Google Scholar 

  24. Dixon, M., Webb, E. C.: Enzmes. New York: Academic Press, Inc. 1964

    Google Scholar 

  25. Plowman, K. M.: Enzyme Kinetics. New York: McGraw-Hill 1972

    Google Scholar 

  26. Reiner, J. M.: Behavior of Enzyme Systems. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold 1969

    Google Scholar 

  27. Westley, J.: Enzymic Catalysis. New York: Harper & Row 1969

    Google Scholar 

  28. Atkins, G. L., Nimmo, I. A.: Biochem. J. 135, 779 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Bates, D. J., Fridean, C.: J. Biol. Chem. 248, 7878 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bates, D. J., Friedan, C.: J. Biol. Chem. 248, 7885 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Eisenthal, R., Cornish-Bowden, A.: Biochem. J. 139, 715 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Gornish-Bowden, A., Eisenthal, R.: Biochem. J. 139, 721 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Yun, S.-L., Suelter, C. H.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 480, 1 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Cornish-Bowden, A.: Biochem. J. 149, 305 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Storer, A. C., Darlison, M. G., Cornish-Bowden, A.: Biochem. J. 151, 361 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Fjellstedt, T. A., Schlesselman, J. J.: Anal. Biochem. 80, 224 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Duggleby, R. G., Morrison, J. F.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 481, 297 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Satterfield, C. N.: Mass Transfer in Heterogeneous Catalysis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press 1970

    Google Scholar 

  39. Blaedel, W. J., Kissel, T. R., Boguslaski, R. C.: Anal. Chem. 44, 2030 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Fink, D. J., Na, T. Y., Schultz, J. S.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 15, 879 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Gondo, S., Sato, T., Kussuroki, K.: Chem. Eng. Sci. 28, 1773 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Kasche, V., Lundquist, H., Bergman, R., Axen, R.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 45, 615 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Kobayashi, T., Laidler, K. J.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 302, 1 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Kobayashi, T., Moo-Young, M.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 15, 47 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Lawrence, R. L., Okay, V.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 15, 217 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Mogensen, A. D., Vieth, W. R.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 15, 467 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Rovito, B. J., Kittrell, J. R.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 15, 143 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Sundarum, P. V., Tweedale, A., Laidler, K. J.: Can. J. Chem. 48, 1498 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Thomas, D., Broun, G., Selegny, E.: Biochimie 54, 229 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Vieth, W. R., Mendiratta, A. K., Mogensen, A. K., Saini, R., Venkatasubramanian, K.: Chem. Eng. Sci. 28, 1013 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Shyam, R., Davidson, B., Vieth, W. R.: Chem. Eng. Sci. 30, 669 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Bischoff, K. B.: AIChE J. 11, 351 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Moo-Young, M., Kobayashi, T.: Can. J. Chem. Eng. 50, 162 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Pitcher, W. H. Jr.: Sc. D. Thesis, Mass. Inst. of Tech. (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Satterfield, C. N., Colton, C. K., Pitcher, W. H. Jr.: AIChE J. 19, 628 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Hamilton, B. K., Gardner, C. R., Colton, C. K.: AIChE J. 20, 503 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  57. Frouws, M. J., Vellenga, K., DeWilt, H. G. J.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 18, 53 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Kobayashi, T., Laidler, K. J.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 16, 99 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Bunting, P. S., Laidler, K. J.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 16, 119 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Ngo, T. T., Laidler, K. J.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 377, 317 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Narinesingh, D., Ngo, T. T., Laidler, K. J.: Can. J. Biochem. 53, 1061 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  62. Waterland, L. R., Michaels, A. S., Robertson, C. R.: AIChE J. 20, 50 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Marsh, D. R., Lee, Y. Y., Tsao, G. T.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 15, 483 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Wheeler, A.: Advan. Catal. 3, 249 (1951)

    Google Scholar 

  65. Havewala, N. B., Pitcher, W. H. Jr.: Unpublished report (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Buchholz, K., Ruth, W.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 18, 95 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  67. Wilson, E. J., Geankoplis, C. J.: Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 5, 9 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  68. Raman, S. V., Horbett, T. A., Hoffman, A. S.: J. Mol. Cat. 2, 275 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  69. Satterfield, C. N.: Personal communication (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Brian, P. L. T., Hales, H. B.: AIChE J. 15, 419 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  71. O'Neill, S. P.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 14, 675 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  72. Horvath, C., Solomon, B. A.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 14, 885 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Kobayashi, T., Moo-Young, M.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 13, 893 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  74. Karube, I., Tanaka, S., Shirai, T., Suzuki, S.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 19, 1183 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  75. Gellf, G., Thomas, D., Broun, G.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 16, 315 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  76. Ryu, D. Y., Bruno, C. F., Lee, B. K., Venkatasubramanian, K.: Proc. IV Int. Ferment. Symp., Ferment. Technol. Today 307 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Hornby, W. E., Lilly, M. D., Crook, E. M.: Biochem. J. 107, 669 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  78. Shuler, M. L., Aris, R., Tsuchiya, H. M.: J. Theor. Biol. 35, 67 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  79. Hamilton, B. K., Stockmeyer, L. J., Colton, C. K.: J. Theor. Biol. 41, 547 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  80. Kobayashi, T., Laidler, K. J.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 16, 77 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  81. Karube, I., Yugeta, Y., Suzuki, S.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 19, 1493 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  82. Levenspiel, O.: Chemical Reaction Engineering. New York: Wiley 1962

    Google Scholar 

  83. Chung, S. F., Wen, C. Y.: AIChE J. 14, 857 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  84. Marsh, D. R., Tsao, G. T.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 18, 349 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  85. O'Neill, S. P., Dunnill, P., Lilly, M. D.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 13, 337 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  86. Reilly, P. J.: Iowa State University Engineering Research Report, ERI-77176, 136 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  87. Beck, S. R., Rose, H. F.: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Develop. 12, 260 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  88. Regan, D. L., Dunnill, P., Lilly, M. D.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 16, 333 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  89. Weetall, H. H., Havewala, N. B., Garfinkel, H. M., Buehl, W. M., Baum, G.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 14, 201 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  90. O'Neill, S. P.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 14, 201 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  91. Cho, Y. K., Bailey, J. E.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 19, 157 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  92. Cho, Y. K., Bailey, J. E.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 19, 769 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  93. O'Neill, S. P.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 14, 473 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  94. Ollis, D. F.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 14, 871 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  95. Pitcher, W. H. Jr.: Immobilized Lactase for Whey Hydrolysis: Stability and Operating Strategy. Presented at Enzyme Engineering Conference, Bad Neuenahr, Germany (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  96. Crowe, C. M.: Can. J. Chem. Eng. 48, 576 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  97. Haas, W. R., Tavlarides, L. L., Wnek, J. J.: Optimal Temperature Policy for (First-Order) Reversible Reactions with Deactivation: Applied to Enzyme Reactors. Paper 39c, presented at AIChE 66th Annual Meeting, Philadelphia (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  98. Mosbach, K., Mattiasson, B.: Acta Chem. Scand. 24, 2093 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  99. Mattiason, B., Mosbach, K.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 235, 253 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  100. Wilson, R. J. H., Kay, G., Lilly, M. D.: Biochem. J. 109, 137 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  101. Srere, P. A., Mattiasson, B., Mosbach, K.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., U. S. 70, 2534 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  102. Broun, G., Thomas, G., Selegny, E.: J. Membrane Biol. 8, 313 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  103. Martensson, K.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 16, 567 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  104. Newirth, T. L., Diegelman, M. A., Pye, E. K., Kallen, R. G.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 16, 1089 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  105. Mosbach, K., Mattiason, B.: In Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 44. K. Mosbach (Ed.), p. 453. New York: Academic Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  106. Brown, H. D., Patel, A. B., Chattopadhyay, S. K.: J. Chromatogr., 35, 103 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  107. Goldman, R., Katchalski, E.: J. Theor. Biol. 32, 243 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  108. Ford, J. R.: Ph. D. Thesis, Tulane University, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  109. Kent, C. A., Emery, A. N.: Reactor Design for the Immobilized Enzyme System Amyloglucosidase-Glucose Isomerase. Paper 11e, presented at AIChE 77th Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  110. Reilly, P. J.: Iowa State University Engineering Research Report, ERI-77176, 84 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  111. Ho, S. P., Kostin, M. D.: J. Chem. Phys. 61, 918 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  112. Pitcher, W. H. Jr., Weetall, H. H.: Enzyme Technol. Digest 4, 127 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  113. Pitcher, W. H., Jr., Ford, J. R., Weetall, H. H.: In Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 44. K. Mosbach (Ed.), p. 792. New York: Academic Press 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Popper, H. (Ed.): Modern Cost-Engineering Techniques. New York: McGraw-Hill 1970

    Google Scholar 

  115. Guthrie, K. M.: Process Plant Estimating Evaluation and Control. Solana Beach, Calif.: Craftsman Book Company of America 1974

    Google Scholar 

  116. Eaton, D. L., Ford, J. R., Pitcher, W. H. Jr.: The Use of Controlled-Pore Ceramic Bodies for Enzyme Immobilization. Paper 11d, presented at AIChE 77th Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  117. Yamane, T.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 19, 749 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  118. Barndt, R. L., Leeder, J. G., Giacin, J. R., Kleyn, D. H.: J. Food Sci. 40, 291 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  119. Karube, I., Suganuma, T., Suzuki, S.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 19, 301 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  120. Mattiason, B.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 19, 777 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Corning Glass Works, 14830, Corning, NY, USA

    Wayne H. Pitcher Jr.

Authors
  1. Wayne H. Pitcher Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Springer Verlag

About this paper

Cite this paper

Pitcher, W.H. (1978). Design and operation of immobilized enzyme reactors. In: Advances in Biochemical Engineering, Volume 10. Advances in Biochemical Engineering, vol 10. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0004469

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0004469

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-08975-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-35682-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation