Abstract
To help students with greater psychosocial needs, the Tier 2 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. was developed by school social workers. From 2005 to 2009, nine sets of subjective outcome evaluation data were collected from the participants (N = 60,241). Using consolidated data with schools as units, results showed that the program, implementers, and benefits of the program were perceived positively. Subjective outcome evaluation findings did not differ across different program modes (adventure-based counseling, volunteer work, adventure-based counseling plus volunteer mode, and other modes) and modes related or unrelated to adventure-based counseling. Consistent with previous findings, multiple regression analysis revealed that perceived qualities of the program and the program implementers predicted perceived effectiveness of the program.
The authorship of this chapter is shared equally between the first and second authors. The preparation for this chapter and the Project P.A.T.H.S. were financially supported by The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust. Address all correspondence to Daniel T. L. Shek, Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (e-mail address: daniel.shek@polyu.edu.hk).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alvarez, A. G., & Welsh, J. J. (1990). Adventure: A model of experiential learning. Social Work Education, 13(1), 49–57.
Argyris, M., & Schön, D. (1974). Theory in practice: Increasing professional effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Carlo, G., & Randall, B. A. (2002). The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors of late adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(1), 31–44.
Cason, D., & Gillis, H. L. (1994). A meta-analysis of outdoor adventure programming with adolescents. Journal of Experiential Education, 17(1), 40–47.
Catalano, R. F., Berglund, M. L., Ryan, J. A. M., Lonczak, H. S., & Hawkins, J. D. (2004). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591, 98–124.
Chapman, J. G., & Morley, R. (1999). Collegiate service-learning: Motives underlying volunteerism and satisfaction with volunteer service. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 18(1/2), 19–33.
Cheung, C. K. (2006). Experiential learning strategies for promoting adolescents’ voluntarism in Hong Kong. Child & Youth Care Forum, 35(1), 57–78.
Cheung, A. C. K. (2010). Spiritual development of adolescents in adventure-based programs in Hong Kong. Journal of Experiential Education, 33(4), 411–415.
Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., et al. (1998). Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1516–1530.
Fletcher, T. B., & Hinkle, J. S. (2002). Adventure based counseling: An innovation in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80(3), 277–285.
Gass, M. A. (1993). Adventure therapy: Therapeutic applications of adventure programming. Dubuque, IA: The Association for Experiential Education.
Glass, J. S., & Benshoff, J. M. (2002). Facilitating group cohesion among adolescents through challenge course experiences. Journal of Experiential Education, 25(2), 268–278.
Glass, J. S., & Myers, J. E. (2001). Combining the old and the new to help adolescents: Individual psychology and adventure-based counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 23(2), 104–114.
Glass, J. S., & Shoffner, M. F. (2001). Adventure-based counseling in schools. Professional School Counseling, 5(1), 42–48.
Hansen, D. M., Larson, R. W., & Dworkin, J. B. (2003). What adolescents learn in organized youth activities: A survey of self-reported developmental experiences. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(1), 25–55.
Harachi, T. W., Abbott, R. D., Catalano, R. F., Haggerty, K. P., & Fleming, C. B. (1999). Opening the black box: Using process evaluation measures to assess implementation and theory building. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27(5), 711–731.
Hopkins, D., & Putnam, R. (1993). Personal growth through adventure. London: David Fulton Publishers.
Kyriakopoulos, A. (2010). Adventure based counselling, individual counselling and object relations: A critical evaluation of a qualitative study. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling, 12(4), 311–322.
Lee, T. S., & Mak, S. W. (2002). Adventure counseling handbook. Hong Kong, China: Breakthrough [In Chinese].
Lee, T. Y., & Shek, D. T. L. (2010). Positive youth development programs targeting students with greater psychosocial needs: A replication. The Scientific World Journal, 10, 261–272.
Lee, T. Y., Shek, D. T. L., & Sun, R. C. F. (2010, June). Positive youth development programs targeting students with greater psychosocial needs: Findings based on five subjective outcome evaluation studies. Paper presented at the 2010 joint world conference on Social Work and Social Development, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
Meinhard, A., & Foster, M. (2006). The impact of volunteer community service programs on students in Toronto’s secondary schools. The Philanthropist, 20(1), 1–15.
Miller, K., Schleien, S., Rider, C., Hall, C., Roche, M., & Worsley, J. (2002). Inclusive volunteering: Benefits to participants and community. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 36(3), 247–259.
Moote, G. T., & Wodarski, J. S. (1997). The acquisition of life skills through adventure-based activities and programs: A review of the literature. Adolescence, 32(125), 143–167.
Nation, M., Crusto, C., Wandersman, A., Kumpfer, K. L., Seybolt, D., & Morrissey-Kane, E. (2003). What works in prevention: Principles of effective prevention programs. American Psychologist, 58(6–7), 449–456.
Nelson, D. A., & Crick, N. R. (1999). Rose-colored glasses: Examining the social information-processing of prosocial young adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(1), 17–38.
Omoto, A. M., & Snyder, M. (2002). Considerations of community: The context and process of volunteerism. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(5), 846–867.
Pavlova, M. K., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2012). Participation in voluntary organizations and volunteer work as a compensation for the absence of work or partnership? Evidence from two German samples of younger and older adults. Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67(4), 514–524.
Priest, S., & Gass, M. A. (1997). Effective leadership in adventure programming. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Quezada, R. L., & Christopherson, R. W. (2005). Adventure-based service learning: University students’ self-reflection accounts of service with children. Journal of Experiential Education, 28(1), 1–16.
Royse, D. (2004). Research methods in social work. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Schoel, J., Prouty, D., & Radcliffe, P. (1988). Islands of healing: A guide to adventure-based counseling. Hamilton, MA: Project Adventure Incorporation.
Shek, D. T. L. (2006). Editorial: Construction of a positive youth development program in Hong Kong. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 18(3), 299–302.
Shek, D. T. L., Lam, L. C., & Tsoi, K. W. (2003). Evidence-based practice in Hong Kong. In B. A. Thyer & M. Kazi (Eds.), International perspectives on evidence-based practice in social work (pp. 167–181). Birmingham: Venture Press.
Shek, D. T. L., & Lee, T. Y. (2012). Helping adolescents with greater psychosocial needs: Subjective outcome evaluation based on different cohorts. The Scientific World Journal, 12, Article ID 694018, 10. doi:10.1100/2012/694018.
Shek, D. T. L., Lee, T. Y., Sun, R. C. F., & Lung, D. W. M. (2008). Positive youth development programs targeting students with greater psychosocial needs: Subjective outcome evaluation. The Scientific World Journal, 8, 73–82.
Shek, D. T. L., & Ma, H. K. (2006). Conceptual framework underlying the development of a positive youth development program in Hong Kong. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 18(3), 303–314.
Shek, D. T. L., & Ma, H. K. (2010). Editorial: Evaluation of the project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong: Are the findings replicable across different populations? The Scientific World Journal: TSW Child Health & Human Development, 10, 178–181.
Shek, D. T. L., Ma, H. K., & Merrick, J. (Eds.). (2010). Positive youth development: Evaluation and future directions in a Chinese context. New York: Nova Science.
Shek, D. T. L., & Merrick, J. (2009). Editorial: Promoting positive development in Chinese adolescents: The project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong. International Public Health Journal, 1, 237–242.
Shek, D. T. L., & Sun, R. C. F. (2008). Helping adolescents with greater psychosocial needs: Evaluation of a positive youth development program. The Scientific World Journal, 8, 575–585.
Shek, D. T. L., & Sun, R. C. F. (2009a). Development, implementation and evaluation of a holistic positive youth development program: Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 8(2), 107–117.
Shek, D. T. L., & Sun, R. C. F. (2009b). Evaluation of positive youth development programs that help secondary 2 students with greater psychosocial needs. International Public Health Journal, 1(3), 335–346.
Shek, D. T. L., & Sun, R. C. F. (2010). Subjective outcome evaluation based on secondary data analyses: The project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong. The Scientific World Journal, 10, 224–237.
Tobler, N. S., Lessard, T., Marshall, D., Ochshorn, P., & Roona, M. (1999). Effectiveness of school-based drug prevention programs for marijuana use. School Psychology International, 20(1), 105–137.
Weissberg, R. P. (2000). Improving the lives of millions of school children. American Psychologist, 55(11), 1360–1373.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shek, D.T.L., Lee, T.Y. (2013). Using Different Programs to Help Adolescents with Greater Psychosocial Needs. In: SHEK, D., Sun, R. (eds) Development and Evaluation of Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programs (P.A.T.H.S.). Quality of Life in Asia, vol 3. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-54-3_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-54-3_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-4451-53-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-4451-54-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)