Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Two Sides of a Coin: Targets and By-Products of Water and Wastewater Treatment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Emerging Issues in the Water Environment during Anthropocene

  • 548 Accesses

Abstract

With time new methods/technique developed for clean/portable as same, it is essential to authenticate them. In this chapter the discussion on what is the disadvantage of tertiary treatment including harmful disinfection by-products (DBP). The details of Trihalomethanes, Haloacetic acid, Nitrosamine and Perfluorinated compounds, its necessary condition like precursors for formation the in treatment. As well as how to get rid of these compounds and their pathways are also summarized. Chlorination is the cheapest, realistic and most effective method in comparison to ozonation and UV radiations. Among all the methods mentioned above, chlorination is the cheapest, realistic and most effective method for achieving the best results. However, its results in harmful disinfection by-products, which need to understand the critical situation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Andrzejewski P, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Nawrocki J (2008) N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation during ozonation of dimethylamine-containing waters. Water Res 42:863–870

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arvaniti OS, Stasinakis AS (2015) Review on the occurrence, fate and removal of perfluorinated compounds during wastewater treatment. Sci Total Environ 524:81–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arvaniti OS, Ventouri EI, Stasinakis AS, Thomaidis NS (2012) Occurrence of different classes of perfluorinated compounds in Greek wastewater treatment plants and determination of their solid-water distribution coefficients. J Hazard Mater 239–240:24–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond T, Templeton MR (2011) Nitrosamine formation from the oxidation of secondary amines. Water Sci Technol Water Supply 11:259–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boulanger B, Vargo JD, Schnoor JL, Hornbuckle KC (2005) Evaluation of perfluorooctane surfactants in a wastewater treatment system and in a commercial surface protection product. Environ Sci Technol 39:5524–5530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooke D, Footitt A, Nwaogu T, Britain G (2004) Environmental risk evaluation report: Perfluorooctanesulphonate (PFOS) 96

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi J, Duirk SE, Valentine RL (2002) Mechanistic studies of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation in chlorinated drinking water. J Environ Monit 4:249–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi J, Valentine RL (2003) N-nitrosodimethylamine formation by free-chlorine-enhanced nitrosation of dimethylamine. Environ Sci Technol 37:4871–4876

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi J, Valentine RL (2002) Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from reaction of monochloramine: a new disinfection by-product. Water Res 36:817–824

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das N, Deka JP, Shim J, Patel AK, Kumar A, Sarma KP, Kumar M (2016) Effect of river proximity on the arsenic and fluoride distribution in the aquifers of the Brahmaputra floodplains, Assam, Northeast India. Groundw Sustain Dev 2:130–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das N, Sarma KP, Patel AK, Deka JP, Das A, Kumar A, ... Kumar M (2017) Seasonal disparity in the co-occurrence of arsenic and fluoride in the aquifers of the Brahmaputra flood plains, Northeast India. Environ Earth Sci 76(4):183

    Google Scholar 

  • De Voogt P, Sáez M (2006) Analytical chemistry of perfluoroalkylated substances. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 25:326–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier D, Hawari J, Streger SH, McClay K, Hatzinger PB (2006) Biotransformation of N-nitrosodimethylamine by Pseudomonas mendocina KR1. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:6693–6698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frierdich AJ, Shapley JR, Strathmann TJ (2007) Rapid reduction of N-nitrosamine disinfection byproducts in water with hydrogen and porous nickel catalysts. Environ Sci Technol 42:262–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fristachi A, Rice G (2007) Estimation of the total daily oral intake of NDMA attributable to drinking water. J Water Health 5:341–355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gopal K, Tripathy SS, Bersillon JL, Dubey SP (2007) Chlorination byproducts, their toxicodynamics and removal from drinking water. J Hazard Mater 140:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guerra P, Kim M, Kinsman L, Ng T, Alaee M, Smyth SA (2014) Parameters affecting the formation of perfluoroalkyl acids during wastewater treatment. J Hazard Mater 272:148–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gui L, Gillham RW, Odziemkowski MS (2000) Reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine with granular iron and nickel-enhanced iron. 1. Pathways and kinetics. Environ Sci Technol 34:3489–3494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamid H, Li L (2016) Role of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in environmental cycling of poly- and perfluoroalkyl (PFAS) compounds. Ecocycles 2

    Google Scholar 

  • Kannan K, Franson JC, Bowerman WW, Hansen KJ, Jones PD, Giesy JP (2001) Perfluorooctane sulfonate in fish-eating water birds including bald eagles and albatrosses. Environ Sci Technol 35:3065–3070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kannan K, Newsted J, Halbrook RS, Giesy JP (2002) Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorinated hydrocarbons in mink and river otters from the United States. Environ Sci Technol 36:2566–2571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim S, Choi W (2002) Kinetics and mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation of (CH3) n NH4-n + (0 ≤ n ≤ 4) in TiO2 suspension: the role of OH radicals. Environ Sci Technol 36:2019–2025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krogh P, Hald B, Holmstrup P (1987) Possible mycological etiology of oral mucosal cancer: catalytic potential of infecting Candida aibicans and other yeasts in production of N-nitrosobenzylmethylamine. Carcinogenesis 8:1543–1548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar M, Patel AK, Das A, Kumar P, Goswami R, Deka P, Das N (2017) Hydrogeochemical controls on mobilization of arsenic and associated health risk in Nagaon district of the central Brahmaputra Plain, India. Environ Geochem Health 39(1):161–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar M, Ram B, Honda R, Poopipattana C, Canh VD, Chaminda T, Furumai H (2019) Concurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), viruses, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in ambient waters of Guwahati, India: Urban vulnerability and resilience perspective. Sci Total Environ:133640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landsman NA, Swancutt KL, Bradford CN, Cox CR, Kiddle JJ, Mezyk SP (2007) Free radical chemistry of advanced oxidation process removal of nitrosamines in water. Environ Sci Technol 41:5818–5823

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindstrom AB, Strynar MJ, Libelo EL (2011) Polyfluorinated compounds: past, present, and future. Environ Sci Technol 45:7954–7961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mhlongo SH, Mamba BB, Krause RW (2009) Nitrosamines: a review on their prevalence as emerging pollutants and potential remediation options. Water SA 35:735–740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mirvish SS (1975) Formation of N-nitroso compounds: chemistry, kinetics, and in vivo occurrence. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 31:325–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitch WA, Sharp JO, Trussell RR, Valentine RL, Alvarez-Cohen L, Sedlak DL (2003) N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as a drinking water contaminant: a review. Environ Eng Sci 20:389–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muñoz F, von Sonntag C (2000) The reactions of ozone with tertiary amines including the complexing agents nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in aqueous solution. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2:2029–2033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nawrocki J, Andrzejewski P (2011) Nitrosamines and water. J Hazard Mater 189:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel AK, Das N, Goswami R, Kumar M (2019a) Arsenic mobility and potential co-leaching of fluoride from the sediments of three tributaries of the upper Brahmaputra floodplain, Lakhimpur, Assam, India. J Geochem Explor 203:45–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel AK, Das N, Kumar M (2019b) Multilayer arsenic mobilization and multimetal co-enrichment in the alluvium (Brahmaputra) plains of India: a tale of redox domination along the depth. Chemosphere 224:140–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson BM, Shackleton M, Furness AJ, Pearce J, Descourvieres C, Linge KL, Busetti F, Spadek T (2010) Fate of nine recycled water trace organic contaminants and metal (loid) s during managed aquifer recharge into a anaerobic aquifer: column studies. Water Res 44:1471–1481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plumlee MH, López-Mesas M, Heidlberger A, Ishida KP, Reinhard M (2008) N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) removal by reverse osmosis and UV treatment and analysis via LC–MS/MS. Water Res 42:347–355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plumlee MH, Reinhard M (2007) Photochemical attenuation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and other nitrosamines in surface water. Environ Sci Technol 41:6170–6176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prevedouros K, Cousins IT, Buck RC, Korzeniowski SH (2006) Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates. Environ Sci Technol 40:32–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson SD (2003) Disinfection by-products and other emerging contaminants in drinking water. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 22:666–684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez MJ, Sérodes J-B, Levallois P (2004) Behavior of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in a drinking water distribution system. Water Res 38:4367–4382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saito N, Sasaki K, Nakatome K, Harada K, Yoshinaga T, Koizumi A (2003) Perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in surface water in Japan. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 45:149–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber IM, Mitch WA (2006) Nitrosamine formation pathway revisited: The importance of chloramine speciation and dissolved oxygen. Environ Sci Technol 40:6007–6014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp JO, Sales CM, LeBlanc JC, Liu J, Wood TK, Eltis LD, Mohn WW, Alvarez-Cohen L (2007) An inducible propane monooxygenase is responsible for N-nitrosodimethylamine degradation by Rhodococcus sp. strain RHA1. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:6930–6938

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair E, Kannan K (2006) Mass loading and fate of perfluoroalkyl surfactants in wastewater treatment plants. Environ Sci Technol 40:1408–1414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabe S, Yang P, Zhao X, Hao C, Seth R, Schweitzer L, Jamal T (2010) Occurrence and Removal of PPCPs and EDCs in the Detroit River Watershed. Water Pract. Technol. 5, wpt2010015-wpt2010015

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Gunten U (2003) Ozonation of drinking water: part II. Disinfection and by-product formation in presence of bromide, iodide or chlorine. Water Res 37:1469–1487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Li Y, Shang X, Shen J (2014) Occurrence and removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine and its precursors in wastewater treatment plants in and around Shanghai. Front Environ Sci Eng 8:519–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Yang Q, Chen F, Sun J, Luo K, Yao F, Wang X, Wang D, Li X, Zeng G (2017) Photocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in water: a critical review. Chem Eng J 328:927–942

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu B, Chen Z, Qi F, Xu Z (2009) Degradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in water by UV/O3. J Water Supply Res Technol 58:135–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Chen Z, Shen J, Xu Z, Liang H, Tian J, Ben Y, Zhai X, Shi W, Li G (2009) Reinvestigation of the nitrosamine-formation mechanism during ozonation. Environ Sci Technol 43:5481–5487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Q, McCraven S, Garcia J, Gasca M, Johnson TA, Motzer WE (2009) Field evidence of biodegradation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in groundwater with incidental and active recycled water recharge. Water Res 43:793–805

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, 382355, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    Bhagwana Ram

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India

    Divya Sharma & Manish Kumar

Authors
  1. Bhagwana Ram
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Divya Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Manish Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manish Kumar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Earth Sciences, IIT Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    Manish Kumar

  2. Water Sciences Laboratory, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

    Daniel D. Snow

  3. RSET, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanagawa, Japan

    Ryo Honda

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ram, B., Sharma, D., Kumar, M. (2020). Two Sides of a Coin: Targets and By-Products of Water and Wastewater Treatment. In: Kumar, M., Snow, D., Honda, R. (eds) Emerging Issues in the Water Environment during Anthropocene. Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9771-5_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9771-5_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-32-9770-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-32-9771-5

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation