Abstract
Dyes are extensively used in textiles, paper, plastic, cosmetics, leather and other industries. Textile industries are producing pollutants of environmental concern by discharging huge wastewater. World Bank declared that nearly 17–20% of water pollution is coming from the dyeing process to colour the fabric. These dyes have various adverse effects. Abatement of dyes via degradation is preferable over other several reported techniques. Recently, adsorptive degradation of pollutants has been investigated, and materials with dual characteristics are emerging in literature. Among them, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a group of nanosized materials containing both trivalent and divalent cationic layers along with interlayer anions. Various pollutants are used as model compounds to evaluate the catalytic behaviour of the modified LDHs. We run through the performance of modified LDH as the catalyst for the degradation of diverse dyes and their mechanism. They mostly serve as photocatalyst, and their band gap energy favours the visible spectrum of light as an optical energy source. Modified LDHs show improved efficiency than other catalysts. They show high percentage degradation efficiency (DE %) up to 70–90% and are reusable up to 3–5 runs.
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Abbreviations
- AAS:
-
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
- ABTS:
-
2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
- AC:
-
Activated Carbon
- AO 7:
-
Acid orange 7
- AR 14:
-
Acid Red 14
- AR 87:
-
Acid Red 87
- BET:
-
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method
- BJH:
-
Brunauer-Joyner-Hallenda method
- BPA:
-
Bisphenol A
- CN-25:
-
N-doped graphitic carbon-incorporated carbon nitride or g-C3N4-C(N)
- CR:
-
Congo Red
- CV:
-
Cyclic Voltammetry
- EBT:
-
Eriochrome Black T
- EPMA:
-
Electron Probe Micro Analysis
- FTIR:
-
Fourier Transform Infrared
- ICP-ES:
-
Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry
- Im-LMS:
-
Immobilised Laccase-mediator System
- LDH:
-
Layered Double Hydroxide
- LDO:
-
Layered Double Oxide
- MB:
-
Methylene Blue
- MG:
-
Methyl Green
- MMO:
-
Mixed metal oxide
- MO:
-
Methyl Orange
- MR:
-
Methyl Red
- MSLDH:
-
MoS2/NiFe-LDH
- MWCNTs:
-
Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
- MZI-MMO:
-
MgO/ZnO/In2O3 MMO
- N-rGO:
-
Negatively charged rGO
- nZVI:
-
Zero-valent Iron Nanoparticles
- O-II:
-
Orange II
- ODTMA:
-
Octadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide
- P-CNTs:
-
1-Pyrenebutyric acid-modified Carbon Nanotubes
- PDS:
-
Peroxydisulphate
- PEC:
-
Photoelectrocatalysis
- PMS:
-
Potassium monosulphate
- POM:
-
Polyoxometalate
- Ppy NF:
-
Polypyrrole Nanofiber
- PWD:
-
Co-Precipitation Water-Washing Re-Dispersion
- rGO:
-
Reduced Graphene Oxide
- RLDH:
-
Reconstructed LDH
- RhB:
-
Rhodamine B
- RHG:
-
Rhodamine 6G
- SL:
-
SnWO4/ZnFe-LDH
- Tris:
-
tris (hydroxymethyl)amino-methane
- UV-vis DRS:
-
UV-vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy
- X-3B:
-
Reacitve Brilliant Red
- XPS:
-
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
- XRD:
-
X-Ray Diffraction
- ZBVHy4 LDH:
-
Vandate intercalated Bismuth doped Zn-LDH
- ZIF:
-
Zeolite Imidazolate Framework
- ZIF-8:
-
Zinc 2-Methyllimidazole
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Authors are thankful to Higher Education Commission (HEC) Islamabad for financial support through project number 8100/Sindh/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2017.
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Khan, S., Gul, A., Memon, N., Memon, S.Q. (2021). Modified Layered Double Hydroxide for Degradation of Dyes. In: Muthu, S.S., Khadir, A. (eds) Advanced Removal Techniques for Dye-containing Wastewaters. Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3164-1_1
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