Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mediterranean Diet—A Healthy Dietary Pattern and Lifestyle for Strong Immunity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Analysis of Infectious Disease Problems (Covid-19) and Their Global Impact

Part of the book series: Infosys Science Foundation Series ((ISFM))

  • 1042 Accesses

Abstract

The human health and the overall well-being are greatly affected by the individual’s diet, lifestyle, age, and genetics, as well as the individual’s response to stress, pathogens, and environmental pollution, which is mainly dictated by the immune system. A healthy gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development and maintaining a healthy immune system. Numerous studies have shown that nutrients including vitamins, such as A, B6, B12, C, D, E, folate, and trace elements, such as zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium, and copper, and omega-3 fatty acids are complementary in maintaining a strong immune system. Besides nutrition, a healthy lifestyle including successful management of stress and anxiety, adequate sleep and rest, and physical activity are also crucial for boosting the immune system. A strong immune system would effectively respond to the attacks of pathogens (viruses, bacteria), such as the current coronavirus disease (Covid-19). The Mediterranean way of living seems an optimal dietary pattern and a lifestyle that could help in maintaining a healthy and diverse gut microbiota and thus strong immunity. Mediterranean diet is mainly a plant-based dietary pattern, which emphasizes consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, legumes, and seeds followed by moderate consumption of fish, poultry, fermented dairy products, and extra virgin olive oil as a main source of healthy fats, while the use of processed red meat products and refined sugars is low. Plenty of water, fruit juices, and herb teas are also consumed with frequent, but moderate consumption of red wine usually with the meals. Taking rests, daily physical exercises, leisure, and social activities and be a part of the community are also common features of the Mediterranean lifestyle. Therefore, the Mediterranean diet rich in valuable phytonutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers, and antioxidant polyphenols, along with social aspects of the diet could help building a healthy gut and a strong immune system to effectively respond to the Covid-19 pandemic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Muscogiuri, G., Barrea, L., Savastano, S., Colao, A.: Nutritional recommendations for CoVID-19 quarantine. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 74, 850–851 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0635-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Jayawardena, R., Sooriyaarachchi, P., Jeewandara, C., Ranasinghe, P.: Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: a review. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 14(4), 367–382 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Calder, P.C., Carr, A.C., Gombart, A.F., Eggersdorfer, M.: Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections. Nutrients 12(4), 1181 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Gombart, A.F., Pierre, A., Maggini, S.: A review of micronutrients and the immune system - working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients 12(1), 236 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Islam, R., Parves, Md R., Paul, A. S., Uddin, N., Rahman, Md S., Al Malmun, A., Hosain Md Nayeem., Ali, Md A., Halim, M.A.: A molecular modeling approach to identify effective antiviral phytochemicals against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 1–12 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1761883.

  6. Molloy, E.J., Murphy, N.: Vitamin D, Covid-19 and Children. Ir Med J. 113(4), 59 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  7. McCartney, D.M., Byrne, D.G.: Optimisation of Vitamin D status for enhanced immuno-protection against Covid-19. Ir Med J. 113(4), 58 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Grant, W.B., Lahore, H., McDonell, S.L., Baggerly, C.A., French, C.B., Aliano, J.L., Bhattoa, H.P.: Evidence that Vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients 12(4), 988 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040988

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Carr, A.C.: A new clinical trial to test high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-19. Crit. Care 24, 133 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02851-4.

  10. Cheng, Z.R.: Can early and high intravenous dose of vitamin C prevent and treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Medicine in Drug Discovery 5,(2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100028

  11. Galli, F., Reglero, G., Bartolini, D., Visioli, F.: Better prepare for the next one. Lifestyle lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. Pharma Nutr. 12, 100193 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100193.

  12. Minni, A., Ralli, M., Candelori, F., Cialente, F., Ercoli, L., Parlapiano, C., Greco, A., De Vincentiis, M.: Lessons learned From COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Bosn J. Basic Med. Sci. (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2020.4847.

  13. Muscogiuri, G., Pugliese, G., Barrea, L., Savastano, S., Colao, A.: Obesity: The “Achilles heel” for COVID-19? Metab., Clin. Exp. 108,(2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154251

  14. Conlon, M.A., Bird, A.R.: The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health. Nutrients 7(1), 17–44 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7010017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. https://oldwayspt.org/traditional-diets/mediterranean-diet. Accessed 16 June 2020

  16. Willett, W.C., Sacks, F., Trichopoulou, A., Drescher, G., Ferro-Luzzi, A., Helsing, E., Trichopoulou, D.: Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating. AJCN. 61(6), 1402S-14066S (1995). https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/61.6.1402S

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Bach-Faig, A.: Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates, Public Health Nutrition 14(12A), 2274–2284 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011002515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Vitiello, V., Germani, A., Dolcetta, E.C., Donini, L.M., Del Balzo, V.: The new modern Mediterranean Diet Italian Pyramid. Ann Ig. 28(3), 179–186 (2016). https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2016.2096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Roman, G.C., Jackson, R.E., Gadhia, R., Roman, A.N., Reis, J.: Mediterranean diet: The role of long-chain v–3 fatty acids in fish; polyphenols in fruits, vegetables, cereals, coffee, tea, cacao and wine; probiotics and vitamins in prevention of stroke, age-related cognitive decline, and Alzheimer disease. Revue Neurologique 175(10), 724–741 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2019.08.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Dreher, M.L., M. L. : Whole fruits and fruit fiber emerging health effects. Nutrients 10(12), 1833 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121833

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Alonso, A.: Fruit and vegetable consumption is inversely associated with blood pressure in a Mediterranean population with a high vegetable-fat intake: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study. Br. J. Nutr. 92(3), 311–319 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20041196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Leri, M., Scuto, M., Ontario, M.L., Calabrese, V., Calabrese, E.J., Bucciantini, M., Stefani, M.: Healthy effects of plant polyphenols: molecular mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 1250 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Muralidharan, J., Galie, S., Hernandez-Alonso, P., Bullo, M., Salas-Salvado, J.: Plant-based fat, dietary patterns rich in vegetable fat and gut microbiota modulation. Front. Nutr. 6, 157 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Visioli, F., Galli, C.: The role of antioxidants in the Mediterranean diet. Lipids 36(Suppl), S49-52 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-001-0682-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Mazzocchi, A., Leone, L., Agostoni, C., Pali-Scholl, I.: The secrets of the Mediterranean Diet. Does [Only] Olive Oil Matter? Nutrients 11(12), 2941 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122941.

  26. Rossi, M., Caruso, F., Kwok, L., Lee, G., Caruso, A., Gionfra, F., Candelotti, E., Belli, S.L., Molasky, N., Raley-Susman, K.M., Leone, S., Filipsky, T., Tofani, D., Pedersen, J., Incerpi, S.: Protection by extra virgin olive oil against oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Chemical and biological studies on the health benefits due to a major component of the Mediterranean diet. PLOS ONE (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189341.

  27. Francisco V., Ruiz-Fernández, C., Lahera, V., Lago, F., Pino, J., Skaltsounis, L., Gonzalez-Gay, M.A., Mobasheri, A., Gomez, R., Scotece, M.’Gualillo, O.: Natural molecules for healthy lifestyles: Oleocanthal from extra virgin olive oil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 67(14), 3845–3853 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06723.

  28. Luisi, M.L.E., Lucarni, L., Biffi, B., Rafanelli, E., Pietramellara, G., Durante, M., Vidali, S., Provensi, G., Madiari, S., Gheri, C.F., Masini, E., Ceccherini, M.T.: Effect of Mediterranean diet enriched in high quality extra virgin olive oil on oxidative stress, inflammation and gut microbiota in obese and normal weight adult subjects. Front. Pharmacol. 10, 1366 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sánchez-Villegas, A., Cabrera-Suárez, B., Molero, M., González-Pinto, A., Actis, C. C., Lahortiga-Ramos, F., Florido-Rodríguez, M., Vega-Pérez, P., Pia, J., M. J. Calviño-Cabada, M. J., Ortuno, F., Navarno, S., Almeida, Y., Hernández-Fleta, J.L.: Preventing the recurrence of depression with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil. The PREDI-DEP trial: study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 19, 63 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2036-4.

  30. T. Wongwarawipat, T., Papageorgiou, N., Bertsias, D., Siasos, G., Tousoulis, D.: Olive Oil-related anti-inflammatory effects on atherosclerosis: potential clinical implications. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets. 18(1), 51–62 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530317666171116103618.

  31. Fernandes, J., Fialho, M., Santos, R., Peixoto-Placido, C., Adeira, T., Sousa-Santos, N., Virgolino, Ana., Santos, O., Vaz Carneiro, A.: Is olive oil good for you? A systematic review and meta-analysis on anti-inflammatory benefits from regular dietary intake. Nutrition 69, 110559 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2019.110559.

  32. Cicerale, S., Lucas, L.J., Keast, R.S.J.: Antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phenolic activities in extra virgin olive oil. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 23(2), 129–135 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.09.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Serreli, G., Deiana, M.: Extra virgin olive oil polyphenols: modulation of cellular pathways related to oxidant species and inflammation in aging. Cells 9(2), 478 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9020478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Alkhatib, A., Tsang, C., Tuomilehto, J.: Olive oil nutraceuticals in the prevention and management of diabetes: from molecules to lifestyle. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19(7), 2024 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19072024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Lanza, B., Ninfali, P.: Antioxidants in extra virgin olive oil and table olives: connections between agriculture and processing for health choices. Antioxidants 9(1), 41 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9010041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Ramírez-Anaya, J.P., Castañeda-Saucedo, M.C., Olalla-Herrera, M., Villalón-Mir, M., López-García de la Serrana, H., Samaniego-Sánchez, C.: Changes in the antioxidant properties of extra virgin olive oil after cooking typical Mediterranean vegetables. Antioxidants 8(8), 246 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080246.

  37. Ramírez-Anaya, J.D., Samaniego-Sánchez, C., Castañeda-Saucedo, M.C., Villalón-Mir, M., López-García de la Serrana, H.: Phenols and the antioxidant capacity of Mediterranean vegetables prepared with extra virgin olive oil using different domestic cooking Techniques. Food Chem. 188, 430–438 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.124.

  38. Rinaldi de Alvarenga, J.F., Quifer-Rada, P., Juliano, F.F., Hurtado-Barroso, S., Illan, M., Torrado-Prat, X., Lamuela-Raventós, R.M.: Using extra virgin olive oil to cook vegetables enhances polyphenol and carotenoid extractability: a study applying the sofrito technique. Molecules 19, 24(8), 1555 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081555.

  39. Rinaldi de Alvarenga, J. F., Tran, C., Hurtado-Barroso, S., Martinez-Huélamo, M., Illan, M., Lamuela-Raventos, R. M. Home cooking and ingredient synergism improve lycopene isomer production in Sofrito. Food Res Int. 2017, 99(Pt 2), 851–861. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.01.009.

  40. Rinaldi de Alvarenga, J.F., Quifer-Rada, P., Westrin, V., Hurtado-Barroso, S., Torrado-Prat, X., Lamuela-Raventós, R.M.: Mediterranean Sofrito home-cooking technique enhances polyphenol content in tomato sauce. J. Sci. Food Agric. 99(14), 6535–6545 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9934.

  41. Diolintzi, A., Panagiotakos, D.B., Sidossis, L.S.: From Mediterranean diet to Mediterranean lifestyle: a narrative review. Public Health Nutr. 22(14), 2703–2713 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980019000612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Lacatus, C.M.: The Mediterranean diet: from an environment-driven food culture to an emerging medical prescription. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16(6), 942 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060942

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Yannakoulia, M., Kontogianni, M., Scarmeas, N.: Cognitive health and Mediterranean Diet: Just diet or lifestyle pattern? Ageing Res. Rev. 20, 74–78 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2014.10.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Castro-Quezada, I., Román-Viñas, B., Serra-Majem, L.: The Mediterranean diet and nutritional adequacy: a review. Nutrients 6(1), 231–248 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6010231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Radd-Vagenas, S., Kouris-Blazos, A., Singh, M.F., Flood, V.M.: Evolution of Mediterranean diets and cuisine: concepts and definitions. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 26(5), 749–763 (2017). https://doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.082016.06

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Davis, C., Bryan, J., Hodgson, J., Murphy, K.: Definition of the Mediterranean diet: a literature review. Nutrients 7(11), 9139–9153 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Trichopoulou, A., Lagiou, P.: Healthy traditional Mediterranean diet: an expression of culture, history, and lifestyle. Nutr. Rev. 55(11), 383–389 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01578.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Ortega, R.M.: Importance of functional foods in the Mediterranean diet. Public Health Nutr. 9(8A), 1136–1140 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007668530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Guerrero R.F., Maria, C., García-Parrilla, M.C., Puertas, B., Cantos-Villar, E.: Wine, resveratrol and health: a review. Nat. Prod. Commun. 4(5), 635–658 (2009). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X0900400503.

  50. López-Miranda, V., Soto-Montenegro, M.L., Vera, G., Herradón, E., Desco, M., Abalo, R.: Resveratrol: a neuroprotective polyphenol in the Mediterranean diet. Rev. Neurol. 54(6), 349–356 (2012). https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.5406.2011611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Artero, A., Artero, A., Tarin, J.J., Cano, A.: The impact of moderate wine consumption on health. Maturitas 80(1), 3–13 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.09.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Amor, S., Pauline Châlons, P., Aires, V., Delmas, D.: Polyphenol extracts from red wine and grapevine: potential effects on cancers. Diseases 6(4), 106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases6040106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Chatzianagnostou, K., Del Turco, S., Pingitore, A., Sabatino, L., Vassalle, C.: The Mediterranean lifestyle as a non-pharmacological and natural antioxidant for healthy aging. Antioxidants (Basel). 4(4), 719–736 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox4040719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Alessia Cavaliere, Cavaliere, A., Elisa De Marchi, E., Banterle, A.: Exploring the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and its relationship with individual lifestyle: the role of healthy behaviors, Pro-Environmental Behaviors, Income, and Education. Nutrients 10, 141 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020141.

  55. Mamalaki, E., Anastasiou, C.A., Kosmidis, M.H., Dardiotis, E., Hadjigeorgiou, G.M., Sakka, P., Scarmeas, N., Yannakoulia, M.: Social life characteristics in relation to adherence to the Mediterranean diet in older adults: findings from the Hellenic Longitudinal Investigation of Aging and Diet (HELIAD) study. Public Health Nutr. 23(3), 439–445 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980019002350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Mamalaki, E., Anastasiou, C.A., Ntanasi, E., Tsapanou, A., Kosmidis, M.H., Dardiotis, E., Hadjigeorgiou, G.M., Sakka, P., Scarmeas, N., Yannakoulia, M.: Associations between the Mediterranean diet and sleep in older adults: Results from the hellenic longitudinal investigation of aging and diet study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 18(11), 1543–1548 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Jenny Theorell-Haglöw, J., Lemming, E.W., Michaëlsson, K., Elmståhl, S., Lind, L., Lindberg, E.: Sleep duration is associated with healthy diet scores and meal patterns: results from the population-based EpiHealth study. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 16(1), 9–18 (2020). https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Godos, J., Ferri, R., Caraci, F., Cosentino, F.I.I., Castellano, S., Fabio Galvano, F., Grosso, G.: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with better sleep quality in italian adults. Nutrients 11, 976 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050976

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Foscolou, A., D’Cunha, N.M., Naumovski, N., Tyrovolas, S., Rallidis, L., Matalas, A.L., Polychronopoulos, E., Sidossis, L.S., Panagiotakos, D.: Midday napping and succesful aging in older people living in the mediterranean region: The epidemiological Mediterranean Islands Study (MEDIS). Brain Sci. 10(1), 14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10010014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Alvarez-Alvarez, I., Zazpe, I., de Rojas, J.P., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Ruiz-Canela, M., Fernandez-Montero, A., Hidalgo-Santamaría, M., Martínez-González, M.A.: Mediterranean diet, physical activity and their combined effect on all-cause mortality: The Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort. Prev. Med. 106, 45–52 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.09.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Katsagoni, C.N., Psarra, G., Georgoulis, M., Tambalis, K., Panagiotakos, D.B., Sidossis, L.S.: High and moderate adherence to Mediterranean lifestyle is inversely associated with overweight, general and abdominal obesity in children and adolescents: The MediLIFE-index. Nutr. Res. 73, 38–47 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2019.09.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Galan-Lopez, P., Ries, F., Gisladottir, T., Domínguez, R., Sánchez-Oliver, A.J.: Healthy lifestyle: relationship between Mediterranean diet, body composition and physical fitness in 13 to 16-years old icelandic students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15(12), 2632 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Zapala, G., Buscemi, S., Mulè, S., La Verde, M., D’Urso, M., Corleo, D., Marranzano, M.: High adherence to Mediterranean diet, but not individual foods or nutrients, is associated with lower likelihood of being obese in a Mediterranean cohort. Eat Weight Disord. 23(5), 605–614 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-017-0454-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. D’Innocenzo, S., Biagi, C., Lanari, M.: Obesity and the Mediterranean diet: a review of evidence of the role and sustainability of the Mediterranean diet. Nutrients 11(6), 1306 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Castro-Barquero, S., Lamuela-Raventós, R.M., Doménech, M., Estruch, R.: Relationship between Mediterranean Dietary Polyphenol Intake and Obesity. Nutrients 10(10), 1523 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Bacopoulou, F., Landis, G., Rentoumis, A., Tsitsika, A., Efthymiou, V.: Mediterranean diet decreases adolescent waist circumference. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 47(6), 447–455 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.12760

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Galan-Lopez, P., Sanchez-Oliver, A.J., Pihu, M., Gísladóttír, T., Domínguez, R., Ries, F.: Association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and physical fitness with body composition parameters in 1717 European Adolescents: The AdolesHealth Study. Nutrients 12(1), 77 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Giacosa, A., Barale, R., Bavaresco, L., Faliva, M.A., Gerbi, V., La Vecchia, C., Negri, E., Opizzi, A., Perna, S., Pezzotti, M., Rondanelli, M.: Mediterranean way of drinking and longevity. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 56(4), 635–640 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2012.747484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Ditano-Vázquez, P., Torres-Peña, J.D., Galeano-Valle, F., Pérez-Caballero, A.I., Demelo-Rodríguez, P., Lopez-Miranda, J., N., Katsiki, N., Delgado-Lista, J., Alvarez-Sala-Walther, L.A.: The fluid aspect of the Mediterranean diet in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: the role of polyphenol content in moderate consumption of wine and olive oil. Nutrients 11(11), 2833 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112833.

  70. Naumovski N., Foscolou, A., D'Cunha, N.M., Tyrovolas, S., Chrysohoou, C., Sidossis, L.S., Rallidis, L., Matalas, A.L., Polychronopoulos, E., Pitsavos, C., Panagiotakos, D.: The Association between Green and Black Tea consumption on successful aging: a combined analysis of the ATTICA and MEDiterranean ISlands (MEDIS) Epidemiological Studies. Molecules 24(10) (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101862.

  71. Hernáez, A., Estruch, R.: The Mediterranean diet and cancer: what do human and molecular studies have to say about It? Nutrients 11, 2155 (2019). DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092155.

  72. Mentella, M. C., Scaldaferri, F., Ricci, C., Gasbarrini, A., Giacinto Abele Donato Miggiano, G.A.D.: Cancer and Mediterranean diet: a review. Nutrients 11(9), 2059 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092059.

  73. Martínez-Poveda, B., Torres-Vargas, J.A., del Carmen Ocaña, M., García-Caballero, M., Medina, M.A., Quesada, A.R.: The Mediterranean diet, a rich source of angiopreventive compounds in cancer. Nutrients 11, 2036 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Kwan, H.Y., Chao, X., Su, T., Fu, X., Tse, A.K.W., Fong, W.F., Yu, Z.L.: The anti-cancer and anti-obesity effects of Mediterranean diet. Crit. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutr. 57(1), 82–94 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2013.852510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Maruca, A., Catalano, R., Bagetta, D., Mesiti, F., Ambrosio, F.A., Romeo, I., Moraca, F., Rocca, R., Ortuso, F., Artese, A., Costa, G., Alcaro, S., Lupia, A.: The Mediterranean Diet as source of bioactive compounds with multi-targeting anti-cancer profile. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 181,(2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111579

  76. Pauwels, E.K.J.: The protective effect of the Mediterranean Diet: focus on cancer and cardiovascular risk. Med. Princ. Pract. 20(2), 103–111 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1159/000321197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Di Daniele, N., Noce, A., Vidiri, M.F., Moriconi, E., Marrone, G., Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli, M., D’Urso, G., Tesauro, M., Rovella, V., De Lorenzo, A.: Impact of Mediterranean diet on metabolic syndrome, cancer and longevity. Oncotarget 8(5), 8947–8979 (2017). https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.13553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Bagetta, D., Maruca, A., Lupia, A., Francesco Mesiti, F., Raffaella Catalano, R., Romeo, I., Moraca, F., Francesca Alessandra Ambrosio, F.A., Giosuè Costa, G., Anna Artese, A., Ortuso, F., Alcaro, S., Rocca, R.: Mediterranean products as promising source of multi-target agents in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 186, 111903 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111903.

  79. Finicelli, M., Squillaro, T., Di Cristo, F., Di Salle, A., Melone, M.A.B., Galderisi, U., Peluso, G.: Metabolic syndrome, Mediterranean diet, and polyphenols: evidence and perspectives. J. Cell Physiol. 234(5), 5807–5826 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.27506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Garcia, M., Bihuniak, J.D., Shook, J., Kenny, A., Kerstetter, J., Huedo-Medina, T.B.: The effect of the traditional Mediterranean-style diet on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis. Nutrients 8(3), 168 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Granado-Casas, M., Martin, M., Martínez-Alonso, M., Alcubierre, N., Hernández, M., Alonso, N., Castelblanco, E., Mauricio, D.: The Mediterranean diet is associated with an improved quality of life in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Nutrients 12(1), 131 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. G.-Casas, M., Alcubierre, N., Martín, M., Real, J., Ramírez-Morros, A.M., Cuadrado, M., Alonso, N., Falguera, M., Hernández, M., Aguilera, E., Lecube, A., Castelblanco, E., Puig-Domingo, M., Mauricio, D.: Improved adherence to Mediterranean diet in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur. J. Nutr. 58(6), 2271–2279 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1777-z.

  83. Marta Guasch-Ferré, M., Merino, J., Sun, Q., Fitó, M., Salas-Salvadó, J.: Dietary polyphenols, Mediterranean diet, Prediabetes, and Type 2 diabetes: a narrative review of the evidence. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev., 6723931 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6723931.

  84. Schwingshackl, L., Missbach, B., König, J., Hoffmann, G.: Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and risk of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 18(7), 1292–1299 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014001542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Medina-Remón, A., Casas, R., Tressserra-Rimbau, A., Ros, E., Martínez-González, M.A., Fitó, M., Corella, D., Salas-Salvadó, J., Lamuela-Raventos, R.M., Estruch, R.: Polyphenol intake from a Mediterranean diet decreases inflammatory biomarkers related to atherosclerosis: a substudy of the PREDIMED trial. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 83(1), 114–128 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12986

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Petersson, S.D., Philippou, E.: Mediterranean diet, cognitive function, and dementia: a systematic review of the evidence. Adv. Nutr. 7(5), 889–904 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3945/an.116.012138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Solfrizzi, V., Panza, F.: Mediterranean diet and cognitive decline. A lesson from the whole-diet approach: what challenges lie ahead? J. Alzheimers Dis. 39(2), 283–286 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-130831.

  88. Frisardi, V., Panza, F., Seripa, D., Imbimbo, B.P., Vendemiale, G., Pilotto, A., Solfrizzi, V.: Nutraceutical properties of mediterranean diet and cognitive decline: possible underlying mechanisms. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 22(3), 715–740 (2010). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-100942.

  89. Aridi, Y.S., Walker, J.L., L Wright, O.R.L.: The association between the Mediterranean dietary pattern and cognitive health: a systematic review. Nutrients 9(7), 674 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070674.

  90. Feart, C., Samieri, C., Barberger-Gateau, P.: Mediterranean diet and cognitive health: an update of available knowledge. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. 18(1), 51–62 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Yannakoulia, M., Kontogianni, M., Scarmeas, N.: Cognitive health and Mediterranean Diet: Just diet or lifestyle pattern? Ageing Res. Rev.20, 74–78 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2014.10.003.

  92. Sadeghi, O., Keshteli, A.H., Afshar, H., Esmaillzadeh, A., Adibi, P.: Adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern is inversely associated with depression, anxiety and psychological distress. Nutr. Neurosci. 11, 1–12 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2019.1620425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Karstens, A.J., Tussing-Humphreys, L., Zhan, L., Rajendran, N., Cohen, J., Dion, C., Zhou, X.J., Lamar, M.: Associations of the Mediterranean diet with cognitive and neuroimaging phenotypes of dementia in healthy older adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 109(2), 361–368 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Shafiei, F., Salari-Moghaddam, A., Larijani, B., Esmaillzadeh, A.: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of depression: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr. Rev. 77(4), 230–239 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Martínez-González, M.A., Gea, A., Ruiz-Canela, M.: The Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular health. A Critical Review. Circul. Res. 124(5), 779–798 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Razquin, C., Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A.: A traditional mediterranean diet effectively reduces inflammation and improves cardiovascular health. Nutrients 11(8), 1842 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Minelli, P., Montinari, M.R.: The mediterranean diet and cardioprotection: historical overview and current research. J. Multidiscip. Healthc. 12, 805–815 (2019). https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S219875

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Franquesa, M., Pujol-Busquets, G., García-Fernández, E., Rico, L., Shamirian-Pulido, L., Aguilar-Martínez, A., Medina, F.X., Serra-Majem, L.’; Bach-Faig, A.: Mediterranean diet and Cardiodiabesity: a systematic review through evidence-based answers to key clinical questions. Nutrients 11(3), 655 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030655.

  99. Martinez-Gonzaleza, M.A., Bes-Rastrollo, M.: Dietary patterns, Mediterranean diet, and cardiovascular disease. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 25(1), 20–26 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. D’Almeida, K.S.M., Spillere, S.R., Zuchinali, P., Souza, G.C.: Mediterranean diet and other dietary patterns in primary prevention of heart failure and changes in cardiac function markers: a systematic review. Nutrients 10(1), 58 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Li, J., Guasch-Ferré, M., Chung, W., Ruiz-Canela, M., Toledo, E., Corella, D., Bhupathiraju, S.N., Tobias, D. K., Tabung, F.K., Hu, J. Zhao, T., Turman, C., Anne Feng, Y.C., Clish, C.B., Mucci, L., Eliassen, A.H., Costenbader, K.H., Karlson, E. W., Wolpin, B.M., Ascherio, A., Rimm, E.B., Manson, J.E., Qi, L., Martínez-González, M.A., Salas-Salvadó, J., Hu, F.B., Liang, L.: The Mediterranean diet, plasma metabolome, and cardiovascular disease risk. Eur. Heart J. 0, 1–14 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa209.

  102. Paterson, K.E., Myint, P. K., Jennings, A., Bain, L.K.M., Marleen A.H. Lentjes, M. A.H., Khaw, K. T., MBBChir; Welch, A.A.: Mediterranean Diet reduces risk of incident stroke in a population with varying cardiovascular disease risk profiles. Stroke 49(10), 2415–2420 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.020258.

  103. Gu, Y., Luchsinger, J.A., Stern, Y., Scarmeas, N.: Mediterranean diet, inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers, and risk of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 22(2), 483–492 (2010). https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-100897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Sofi, F., Macchi, C., Abbate, R., Gian Franco Gensini, G.F., Casini, A.: Effectiveness of the Mediterranean diet: can it help delay or prevent Alzheimer’s Disease? J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 20(3), 795–801 (2010). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-1418.

  105. Cassani, E., Barichella, M., Ferri, V., Pinelli, G., Iorio, L., Bolliri, C., Caronni, S., Faierman, S.A., Mottolese, A., Pusani, C., Monajemi, F., Pasqua, M., Lubisco, A., Cereda, E., Frazzitta, G., Petroni, M.L., Pezzoli, G.: Dietary habits in Parkinson’s disease: Adherence to Mediterranean Diet. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 42, 40–46 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.06.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. La Verde, M., Mulè, S., Zappalà, G., Privitera, G., Maugeri, G., Pecora, F., Marranzano, M.: Higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with having hypertension: is low salt intake a mediating factor? Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 69(2), 235–244 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2017.1350941

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. De Pergola, G., D’Alessandro, A.: Influence of Mediterranean Diet on Blood Pressure. Nutrients 10(11), 1700 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111700

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Davis, C.R., Hodgson, J.M., Woodman, R., Bryan, J., Wilson, C., Murphy, K.J.: Mediterranean diet lowers blood pressure and improves endothelial function: results from the MedLey randomized intervention trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 105(6), 1305–1313 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.146803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Martini, D.: Health benefits of Mediterranean diet. Nutrients 11(8), 1802 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081802

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Cena, H., Calder, P.C.: Defining a healthy diet: evidence for the role of contemporary dietary patterns in health and disease. Nutrients 12(2), 334 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Serra-Majem, L., Román-Viñas, B., Sanchez-Villegas, A., Guasch-Ferré, M., Corella, D., La Vecchia, C.: Benefits of the Mediterranean diet: epidemiological and molecular aspects. Mol. Aspects Med. 67, 1–55 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2019.06.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Schwingshackl, L., Morze, J., Hoffmann, G.: Mediterranean diet and health status: active ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms. Br. J. Pharmacol. 177(6), 1241–1257 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14778

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Martınez-Gonzalez, M.A., Salas-Salvadó, J., Estruch, R., Corella, D., Fitó, M., Ros, E.: Benefits of the Mediterranean diet: insights from the PREDIMED Study. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 58(1), 50–60 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2015.04.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Foscolou, A., D’Cunha, N.M., Naumovski, N., Tyrovolas, S., Chrysohoou, C., Rallidis, L., Polychronopoulos, E., Matalas, A.L., Sidossis, L.S., Panagiotakos, D.: The association between the level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet and successful aging: an analysis of the ATTICA and MEDIS (MEDiterranean Islands Study) epidemiological studies. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 89,(2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2020.104044

  115. Capurso, C.: The Mediterranean diet slows down the progression of aging and helps to prevent the onset of frailty: a narrative review. Nutrients 12(1), 35 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Chatzianagnostou, K., Del Turco, S., Pingitore, A., Sabatino, L., Vassalle, C.: The Mediterranean lifestyle as a non-pharmacological and natural antioxidant for healthy aging. Antioxidants (Basel) 4(4), 719–736 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox4040719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A., Martín-Calvo, N.: Mediterranean diet and life expectancy; beyond olive oil, fruits and vegetables. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. 19(6), 401–407 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Ferrer-Cascales, R., Albaladejo-Blázquez, N., Ruiz-Robledillo, N., Clement-Carbonell, V., Sánchez-SanSegundo, M., Zaragoza-Martí, A.: Higher Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is related to more subjective happiness in adolescents: the role of health-related quality of life. Nutrients 11(3), 698 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Morales-Ivorra, I., Romera-Baures, M., Roman-Viñas, B., Serra-Majem, L.: Osteoarthritis and the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review. Nutrients 10(8), 1030 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10081030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Keenan, T.D., Agrón, E., Mares, J.A., Clemons, T.E., van Asten, F., Swaroop, A., Chew, E.Y.: Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and cognitive function in the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies 1 & 2. Alzheimer’s Dement., 1–12 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12077.

  121. Christianne de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani: Flavia Campos Corgosinho, Fabiane La Flor Ziegler Sanches, Carla Marques Maia Prado, Alessandro Laviano, and Jo~ao Felipe Mota, Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutr. Rev. , 1–14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa067

  122. Shakoor, H., Feehan, J., Dhaheri, A.S.A., Ali, H.I., Platat, C., Ismail, L.C., Apostolopoulos, V., Stojanovska, L.: Immune-boosting role of vitamins D, C, E, zinc, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids: could they help against COVID-19? Maturitas (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Barrea, L., Pugliese, G., Laudisio, D., Colao, A., Savastano, S., Muscogiuri, G.: Mediterranean diet as medical prescription in menopausal women with obesity: a practical guide for nutritionists. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1755220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Zabetakis, I., Lordan, R., Norton, C., Tsoupras, A.: COVID-19: The Inflammation link and the role of nutrition in potential mitigation. Nutrients 12, 1466 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Cena, H., Chieppa, M.: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19–SARS-CoV-2) and nutrition: Is Infection in Italy suggesting a connection? Front. Immunol. 11, 944 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00944

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Stipp M. M., SARS-CoV-2: Micronutrient optimization in supporting host immunocompetence. Int. J. Clin. Case Rep. Rev. 2(2)–024 (2020). DOI:https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/024.

  127. Ghosh, T.S., Rampelli, S., Jeffery, I.B., Santoro, A., Neto, M., Capri, M., Giampieri, E., Jennings, A., Candela, M., Turroni, S., Zoetendal, E.G., Hermes, G.D.A., Elodie, C., Meunier, N., Brugere, C.M., Pujos-Guillot, E., Berendsen, A.M., De Groot, L.C.P.G.M., Feskins, E.J.M., Kaluza, J., Pietruszka, B., Bielak, M.J., Comte, B., Maijo-Ferre, M., Nicoletti, C., De Vos, W.M., Fairweather-Tait, S., Cassidy, A., Brigidi, P., Franceschi, C., O’Toole, P.W.: Mediterranean diet intervention alters the gut microbiome in older people reducing frailty and improving health status: the NU-AGE 1-year dietary intervention across five European countries. Gut 69, 1218–1228 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Meslier, V., Laiola, M., Roager, H.M., De Filippis, F., Roume, H., Quinquis, B., Giacco, R., Mennella, L., Ferracane, R., Pons, N., Pasolli, E., Rivellese, A., Dragsted, L.O., Vitaglione, P., Ehrlich, S.D., Ercolini, D.: Mediterranean diet intervention in overweight and obese subjects lowers plasma cholesterol and causes changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome independently of energy intake. Gut , 1–11 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320438

  129. Jandhyala, S.M., Talukdar, R., Subramanyam, C., Vuyyuru, H., Sasikala, M., Reddy, N.D.: Role of the normal gut microbiota. World J. Gastroenterol. 21(29), 8787–8803 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Sirisinha, S.: The potential impact of gut microbiota on your health: current status and future challenges. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 34(4), 249–264 (2016). https://doi.org/10.12932/AP0803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Khan, R., Petersen, F.C., Shekhar, S.: Commensal bacteria: an emerging player in defense against respiratory pathogens. Front. Immunol. 10, 1203 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Maggini, S., Pierre, A., Calder, P.C.: Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course. Nutrients 10(10), 1531 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Maffei, V.J., Kim, S., Blanchard, E.T., Luo, M., Jazwinski, S.M., Taylor, C.M., Welsh, D.A.: Biological aging and the human gut microbiota. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 72(11) 1474–1482 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx042.

  134. Velasquez, M.T.: Altered gut microbiota: a link between diet and the metabolic syndrome. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 16(7), 321–328 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2017.0163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. Kazemian, N., Mahmoudi, M., Halperin, F., Wu, J.C., Pakpour, S.: Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease: opportunities and challenges. Microbiomem. 8(1), 36 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00821-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Busnelli, M., Manzini, S., Chiesa, G.: The gut microbiota affects host pathophysiology as an endocrine organ: a focus on cardiovascular disease. Nutrients 12(1), 79 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010079

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Kallus, S.J., Brandt, L.J.: The intestinal microbiota and obesity. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 46(1), 16–24 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e31823711fd

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. De Luca, F., Shoenfeld, Y.: The microbiome in autoimmune diseases. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 195(1), 74–85 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Fava, F., Danese, S.: Intestinal microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease: friend of foe? World J. Gastroenterol. 17(5), 557–566 (2011). https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i5.557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Mayer, E.A., Savidge, T., Shulman, R.J.: Brain-gut microbiome interactions and functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 146(6), 1500–1512 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Bonaz, B.L., Bernstein, C.N.: Brain-gut interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 144(1), 36–49 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Padoan, A., Plebani, M., Basso, D.: Inflammation and pancreatic cancer: focus on metabolism, cytokines, and immunity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20(3), 676 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Rogers, G.B., Keating, D.J., Young, R.L., Wong, M.L., Licinio, J., Wesselingh, S.: From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms and pathways. Mol. Psychiatry 21(6), 738–748 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Sommer, F., Anderson, J.M., Bharti, R., Raes, J., Rosenstiel, P.: The resilience of the intestinal microbiota influences health and disease. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 15(10), 630–638 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Christian, L.M., Galley, J.D., Hade, E.M., Schoppe-Sullivan, S., Kamp Dush, C., Bailey, M.T.: Gut microbiome composition is associated with temperament during early childhood. Brain Behav. Immun. 45, 118–127 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Yang, T., Santisteban M. M., Rodriguez, V., Li, E., Ahmari, N,; Carvajal, J. M., Gut dysbiosis is linked to hypertension. Hypertension 65(6), 1331–1340 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05315.

  147. Yamashiro, K., Tanaka, R., Urabe, T., Ueno, Y., Yamashiro, Y., Nomoto, K., Takahashi, T., Tsuji, H., Asahara, T., Hattori, N.: Gut dysbiosis is associated with metabolism and systemic inflammation in patients with ischemic stroke. PLoS ONE 12(2),(2017). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171521

  148. Pereira, P.A.B., Aho, V.T.E., Paulin, L., Pekkonen, E., Auvinen, P., Scheperjans, F.: Oral and nasal microbiota in parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 38, 61–67 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.02.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Hopfner, F., Kunstner, A., Muller, S.H., Kunzel, S., Zeuner, K.E., Margraf, N.G., Deuschl, G., Baines, J.F., Kuhlenbaumer, G.: Gut microbiota in parkinson disease in a northern german cohort. Brain Res. 1667, 41–45 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2017.04.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Spychala, M.S., Venna, V.R., Jandzinski, M., Doran, S.J., Durgan, D.J., Ganesh, B.P., Ajami, N.J., Putluri, N., Graf, J., Bryan, R.M., McCullough, L.D.: Age-related changes in the gut microbiota influence systemic inflammation and stroke outcome. Ann. Neurol. 84(1), 23–36 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Kleiman, S.C., Watson, H.J., Bulik-Sullivan, E.C., Huh, E.Y., Tarantino, L.M., Bulik, C.M., Carroll, I.M.: The intestinal microbiota in acute anorexia nervosa and during renourishment: Relationship to depression, anxiety, and eating disorder psychopathology. Psychosom. Med. 77(9), 969–981 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Borgo, F., Riva, A., Benetti, A., Casiraghi, M.C., Bertelli, S., Garbossa, S., Anselmetti, S., Scarone, S., Pontiroli, A.E., Morace, G., Borghi, E.: Microbiota in anorexia nervosa: the triangle between bacterial species, metabolites and psychological tests. PLoS ONE 12(6),(2017). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179739

  153. Dinan, T.G., Stilling, R.M., Stanton, C., Cryan, J.F.: Collective unconscious: how gut microbes shape human behavior. J. Psychiatr. Res. 63, 1–9 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Bauer, K.C., Huus, K.E., Finlay, B.B.: Microbes and the mind: emerging Hallmarks of the gut microbiota-brain axis. Cell Microbiol. 18(5), 632–644 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1111/cmi.12585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Dockray, G.J.: Gastrointestinal hormones and the dialogue between gut and brain. J. Physiol. 592(14), 2927–2941 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2014.270850

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Mayer, E.A., Tillisch, K., Gupta, A.: Gut/brain axis and the microbiota. J. Clin. Invest. 125(3), 926–938 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI76304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Bonaz, B., Bazin, T., Pellissier, S.: The vagus nerve at the interface of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Front. Neurosci. 12 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00049.

  158. Fernandez-Real, J.M., Serino, M., Blasco, G., Puig, J., Daunis-i-Estadella, J., Ricart, W., Burcelin, R., Fernandez-Aranda, F., Portero-Otin, M.: Gut microbiota interacts with brain microstructure and function. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100(12), 4505–4513 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-3076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. McGrattan, A.M., McGuinness, B., McKinley, M.C., Kee, F., Passmore, P., Woodside, J.V., McEvoy, C.T.: Diet and inflammation in cognitive ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Current Nutrition Reports 8(2), 53–65 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-019-0271-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Han, J.M., Levings, M.K.: Immune regulation in obesity-associated adipose inflammation. J. Immunol. 191(2), 527–532 (2013). https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1301035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. Leocádio, P.C.L., Oriá, R.B., Crespo-Lopez, M.E., Alvarez-Leite, J.I.: Obesity: more than an inflammatory, an infectious disease? Front. Immunol. 10, 3092 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.03092

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Bibbò, S., Ianiro, G., Giorgio, V., Scaldaferri, F., Masucci, L., Gasbarrini, A., Cammarota, G.: The role of diet on gut microbiota composition. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 20(22), 4742–4749 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  163. Zinöcker, M.K., Lindseth, I.A.: The western diet-microbiome-host interaction and its role in metabolic disease. Nutrients 10(3), 365 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. Newman, T.M., Vitolins, M.Z., Cook, K.C.: From the table to the tumor: the role of Mediterranean and western dietary patterns in shifting microbial-mediated signaling to impact breast cancer risk. Nutrients 11(11), 2565 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. Segata, N.: Gut Microbiome: westernization and the disappearance of intestinal diversity. Curr Biol. 25(14), R611–R613 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Collins, K.H., Paul, H.A., Hart, D.A., Reimer, R.A., Smith, I.C., Rios, J.L., Seerattan, R.A., Herzog, W.: A high-fat high-sucrose diet rapidly alters muscle integrity, inflammation and gut microbiota in male rats. Sci. Rep. 6, 37278 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep37278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. Cani, P.D., Bibiloni, R., Knauf, C., Waget, A., Neyrinck, A.M., Delzenne, N.M., Burcelin, R.: Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet–induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes 57(6), 1470–1481 (2008). https://doi.org/10.2337/db07-1403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. Hussain, M., Hussain, M., Umair Ijaz, M., Ahmad, M.I., Khan, I.A., Brohi, S.A., Shah, A.U., Shinwari, K.I., Zhao, D., Xu, X., Zhou, G., Li, C.: Meat proteins in a high-fat diet have a substantial impact on intestinal barriers through mucus layer and tight junction protein suppression in C57BL/6J mice. Food Funct. 10(10), 6903–6914 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9fo01760g

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. Tomasello, G., Mazzola, M., Leonei, A., Sinagrad, E., Zummo, G., Farina, F., Damianic, P., Cappelloa, F., Geageaa, A.G., Jurjus, A., Assi, T.B., Messina, M., Carini, F.: Nutrition, oxidative stress and intestinal dysbiosis: Influence of diet on gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases. Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc. Czech Repub. 160(4), 461–466 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5507/bp.2016.052.

  170. Del Chierico, F., Vernocchi, P., Dallapiccola, B., Putignani, L.: Mediterranean diet and health: food effects on gut microbiota and disease control. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15(7), 11678–11699 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms150711678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. Brown, K., DeCoffe, D., Molcan, E., Gibson, D.L.: Diet-Induced dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and the effects on immunity and disease. Nutrients 4(8), 1095–1119 (2012). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4081095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. Morrison, D.J., Preston, T.: Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism. Gut Microbes. 7(3), 189–200 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2015.1134082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  173. Zhu, C., Sawrey-Kubicek, L., Beals, E., Rhodes, C.H., Houts, H.E., Sacchi, R., Zivkovic, A.M.: Human gut microbiome composition and tryptophan metabolites were changed differently by fast food and Mediterranean diet in 4 days: a pilot study. Nutr. Res. 77, 62–72 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2020.03.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. Toribio-Mateas, M.: Harnessing the power of microbiome assessment tools as part of neuroprotective nutrition and lifestyle medicine interventions. Microorganisms 6(2), 35 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6020035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  175. Rinninella, E., Cintoni, M., Raoul, P., Lopetuso, L.R., Scaldaferri, F., Pulcini, G., Miggiano, G.A.D., Gasbarrini, A., Mele, M.C.: Food components and dietary habits: keys for a healthy gut microbiota composition. Nutrients 11, 2393 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Molendijk, I., van der Marel, S., Maljaars, P.W.J.: Towards a food pharmacy: immunologic modulation through diet. Nutrients 11(6), 1239 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. Garcia-Mantrana, I., Selma-Royo, M., Alcantara, C., Collado, M.C.: Shifts on gut microbiota associated to mediterranean diet adherence and specific dietary intakes on general adult population. Front. Microbiol. 9, 890 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  178. Krznarić, Ž, Bender, D.V., Meštrović, T.: The Mediterranean diet and its association with selected gut bacteria. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 22(5), 401–406 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. Lee, J., Pase, M., Pipingas, A., Raubenheimer, J., Thurgood, M., Villalon, L., Macpherson, H., Gibbs, A., Scholey, A.: Switching to a 10-day mediterranean-style diet improves mood and cardiovascular function in a controlled crossover study. Nutrition 31(5), 647–652 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. De Filippis, F., Pellegrini, N., Vannini, L., Jeery, I.B., La Storia, A., Laghi, L., Serrazanetti, D.I., Di Cagno, R., Ferrocino, I., Lazzi, C., Turroni, S., Cocolin, L., Brigidi, P., Neviani, E., Gobbetti, M., O'Toole, P.W., Ercolini, D.: High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome. Gut 65(11), 1812–1821 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309957.

  181. Mitsou, E.K., Kakali, A., Antonopoulou, S., Mountzouris, K.C., Yannakoulia, M., Panagiotakos, D.B., Kyriacou, A.: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with the gut microbiota pattern and gastrointestinal characteristics in an adult population. Br. J. Nutr. 117(12), 1645–1655 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114517001593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  182. Bailey, M.A., Holscher, H.D.: Microbiome-Mediated Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Inflammation. Adv. Nutr. 1, 9(3), 193–206 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy013.

  183. Lu, M.L.E., Lucarini, L., Biffi, B., Rafanelli, E., Pietramellara, G., Durante, M., Vidali, S., Provensi, G., Madiai, S., Gheri, C.F., Masini, E., Ceccherini, M.T.: Effect of Mediterranean diet enriched in high quality extra virgin olive oil on oxidative stress, inflammation and gut microbiota in obese and normal weight adult subjects. Front. Pharmacol. 10, 1366 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  184. Shapira, N.: The Metabolic concept of meal sequence vs. satiety: glycemic and oxidative responses with reference to inflammation risk, protective principles and Mediterranean diet. Nutrients 11(10), 2373 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102373.

  185. Sureda, A., Del Mar Bibiloni, M., licia Julibert, A., Bouzas, C., Argelich, E., Llompart, I., Pons, A., Tur, J.A.: Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and inflammatory markers. Nutrients 10(1), 62 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010062.

  186. Casas, R., Sacanella, E., Estruch, R.: The Immune Protective effect of the Mediterranean diet against chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 14(4), 245–254 (2014). https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530314666140922153350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. Milano, W., Pizza, V., Capasso, A.: Beneficial effects of mediterranean diet in neuroinflammation and related diseases. Integr Food Nutr Metab. 5(1), 1–10 (2018). https://doi.org/10.15761/IFNM.1000207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  188. Carvalho, K.M.B., Ronca, D.B., Michels, N., Huybrechts, I., Cuenca-Garcia, M., Marcos, A., Molnár, D., Dallongeville, J., Manios, Y., Schaan, B.D., Moreno, L., de Henauw, S., Carvalho, L.A.: Does the Mediterranean diet protect against stress-induced inflammatory activation in European Adolescents? The HELENA Study. Nutrients 10(11), 1770 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111770

    Article  Google Scholar 

  189. Dyer, J., Davison, G., Marcora, S.M., Mauger, A.R.: Effect of a Mediterranean type diet on inflammatory and cartilage degradation biomarkers in patients with osteoarthritis. J Nutr Health Aging. 21(5), 562–566 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-016-0806-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  190. Oliviero, F., Spinella, P., Fiocco, U., Ramonda, R., Sfriso, P., Punzi, L.: How the Mediterranean diet and some of its components modulate inflammatory pathways in arthritis. Swiss Med Wkly. 145,(2015). https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2015.14190

  191. Santangelo, C., Varì, R., Scazzocchio, B., De Sanctis, P., Giovannini, C., D’Archivio, M., Masella, R.: Anti-inflammatory activity of extra virgin olive oil polyphenols: which role in the prevention and treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases? Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 18, 36–50 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530317666171114114321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  192. Gambino, C.M., Accardi, G., Aiello, A., Candore, G., Dara-Guccione, G., Mirisola, M.: Effect of extra virgin olive oil and table olives on the immune-inflammatory responses: potential clinical applications. Endocrine Metab. Immune Disord. - Drug Targets 18(1), 14–22 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530317666171114113822.

  193. Hornedo-Ortega, R., Cerezo, A.B., de Pablos, R.M., Krisa, S., Richard, T., García-Parrilla, C.M., Troncoso, A.M.: Phenolic compounds characteristic of the Mediterranean diet in mitigating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 12, 373 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2018.00373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  194. Shah, R., Makarem, N., Emin, M., Liao, M., Jelic, S., Aggarwal, B.: Mediterranean diet components are linked to greater endothelial function and lower inflammation in a pilot study of ethnically diverse women. Nutr. Res. 75, 77–84 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2020.01.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  195. Luisi, M.L.E., Lucarini, L., Biffi, B., Rafanelli, E., Pietramellara, G., Durante, M., Vidali, S., Provensi, G., Madiai, S., Gheri, C.F. Masini, E., Ceccherini, M.T.: Effect of Mediterranean Diet enriched in high quality extra virgin olive oil on oxidative stress, inflammation and gut microbiota in obese and normal weight adult subjects. Front. Pharmacol. 10(1366) (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01366.

  196. Martínez-Rodríguez, A., Rubio-Arias, J.Á., Ramos-Campo, D.J., Reche-García, C., Leyva-Vela, B., Nadal-Nicolás, Y.: Psychological and sleep effects of tryptophan and magnesium-enriched mediterranean diet in women with fibromyalgia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17(7), 2227 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  197. Godos, J., Ferri, R., Caraci, F., Cosentino, F.I., Castellano, S., Galvano, F., Grosso, G.: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with better sleep quality in italian adults. Nutrients 11(5), 976 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050976

    Article  Google Scholar 

  198. Gianfredi, V.: Sleep disorder, Mediterranean Diet and learning performance among nursing students: inSOMNIA, a cross-sectional study. Ann. Ig. 30(6), 470–481 (2018). https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2018.2247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  199. Pairotti, M.B., Cerutti, A.K., Martini, F., Vesce, E., Padovan, D., Beltramo, R.: Energy consumption and GHG emission of the Mediterranean diet: a systemic assessment using a hybrid LCA-IO method. J. Clean. Prod. 103, 507–516 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  200. Dernini, S., Berry, E.M.: Mediterranean diet: from a healthy diet to a sustainable dietary pattern. Front. Nutr. 2, 15 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2015.00015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  201. Mantzioris, E., Villani, A.: Translation of a Mediterranean-style diet into the australian dietary guidelines: a nutritional. Ecological and Environmental Perspective, Nutrients 11, 2507 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  202. Martínez-González, M.A., et al.: Transferability of the Mediterranean diet to non-Mediterranean countries. What Is and What Is Not the Mediterranean Diet, Nutrients 9, 1226 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  203. Moore, S.E., et al.: Barriers to adopting a Mediterranean diet in Northern European adults at high risk of developing cardiovascular Disease. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 31(4), 451–462 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  204. Dernini S., Berry E.M., Serra-Majem L., La Vecchia C., Capone R., Medina F.X., Aranceta-Bartrina J., Belahsen R., Burlingame B., Calabrese G., Corella D., Donini L.M., Lairon D., Meybeck A., Pekcan A.G., Piscopo S., Yngve A., Trichopoulou A.: Med Diet 4.0: the Mediterranean diet with four sustainable benefits. Public Health Nutr. 20(7), 1322–1330 (2016). doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980016003177.

  205. Galanakis, C.M.: The food systems in the era of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic crisis. Foods 9, 523 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040523

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely acknowledge the support of CSI: Create. Solve. Innovate. LLC and its MD Inspired™ concept for promoting the Mediterranean way of living outside the Mediterranean region.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Technology and Technical Sciences-Veles, University St. Kliment Ohridski-Bitola, Bitola, North Macedonia

    Anka Trajkovska Petkoska

  2. CSI: Create. Solve. Innovate. LLC, 2020 Kraft Dr., Suite 3007, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA

    Anita Trajkovska-Broach

Authors
  1. Anka Trajkovska Petkoska
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anita Trajkovska-Broach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anita Trajkovska-Broach .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Anand International College of Engineering, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

    Praveen Agarwal

  2. Institute of Mathematics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain

    Juan J. Nieto

  3. Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

    Michael Ruzhansky

  4. Department of Mathematics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    Delfim F. M. Torres

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Trajkovska Petkoska, A., Trajkovska-Broach, A. (2021). Mediterranean Diet—A Healthy Dietary Pattern and Lifestyle for Strong Immunity. In: Agarwal, P., Nieto, J.J., Ruzhansky, M., Torres, D.F.M. (eds) Analysis of Infectious Disease Problems (Covid-19) and Their Global Impact. Infosys Science Foundation Series(). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2450-6_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation