Abstract
A developing nation like India is quickly adopting the technologies related to electric vehicles (EVs) and slowly eliminating the fossil fuel-based vehicles as a part of their plan to battle climate change and increasing pollution in cities. In April 2017, the Government of India (GoI) planned to have all EVs by 2030 in the market. The promotion under faster adoption and manufacturing of electric vehicles (FAME) scheme is also followed. The electric charging infrastructure is an essential component of the electric mobility ecosystem. It is essential for EV charging station markets to match the pace of the EV adoption and its growth. EVs are limited by their range and speed. The availability of charging stations and its network on the road is the key to encouraging a shift from fossil fuel vehicles to EVs. Therefore, an everlasting difficulty faced by most EV manufacturers and customers is the accessibility of a plug point for charging. Definitely, there is a requirement to shift from the grid-based charging stations to stand-alone off-grid solutions for charging. The key to resolve this problem is the use of abundant renewable energy sources such as solar energy. This chapter presents a detailed review of EV charging systems and solar-based EV charging systems, infrastructure, methodology, and their implementation in India. Various challenges and social barriers to the adoption of EVs are also discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adithya SN (2016) Large-scale implementation of gridconnected rooftop solar photovoltaic system in India—potential, challenges, outlook, and technical impact. In: 2016 International Symposium on Electrical Engineering (ISEE), pp 1–7
After India’s first solar charging station, Magenta Power sets up country’s first EV charging corridor, Express Drives Desk (2018). https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/after-indias-first-solar-charging-station-magenta-power-sets-up-countrys-first-ev-charging-corridor/1283569/
Agrawal KK, Jain S, Jain AK, Dahiya S (2014) Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from coal and natural gas thermal power plants using life cycle approach. Int J Environ Sci Technol 11(4):1157–1164
Ai N (2016) Integrated approaches to EV charging infrastructure and transit system planning. National Center for Transit Research (NCTR), University of South Florida Joel Volinski, Project Manager
Almansa Lopez E (2016) Environmental Impacts of Solar Energy Systems 1(1):75–79
Anto R, Jose J (2014) Performance analysis of a 100kW solar photovoltaic power plant. In: 2014 Annual International Conference on Emerging Research Areas: Magnetics, Machines and Drives (AICERA/iCMMD), p 1–4
Ba I (2017) The future of energy systems in cities. Aalborg Univ Tech Fac IT Des Dep Plan, p 81
Barth H, Jung M, Braun M, Schmülling B, Reker U (2011) Concept evaluation of an inductive charging system for electric vehicles. In: 3rd European Conference Smart Grids and E-Mobility
Benela RA, Jamuna K (2013) Design of charging unit for electric vehicles using solar power. In: 2013 International Conference on Information Communication and Embedded Systems, ICICES, pp 919–924
Cabinet approves Scheme for FAME India Phase II, Press Information Bureau, Government of India Cabinet, Scheme for FAME India Phase II. 28 Feb 2019. https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=189081
Castillo JP, Mafiolis CD, Escobar EC, Barrientos AG, Segura RV (2015) Design, construction and implementation of a low cost solar-wind hybrid energy system. IEEE Lat Am Trans 13(10):3304–3309
Charging infrastructure for Electric Vehicles(EVs)-Revised Guidelines and Standards, issued on 01.10.2019. https://beeindia.gov.in/content/e-mobility
Chauhan A (2018) Electric vehicles in India: the trends, challenges and future. https://medium.com/@an223c/trends-challenges-and-future-for-electric-vehicles-in-india-b6191f4a70b6
Cheng L, Chang Y, Huang R (2015) Mitigating voltage problem in distribution system with distributed solar generation using electric vehicles. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 6(4):1475–1484
Ciric RM (2017) Off-grid photovoltaic system as a solution for sustainability of remote farms—an application in Engineering education. In: 2017 International conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM) & 2017 Intl Aegean Conference on Electrical Machines and Power Electronics (ACEMP), pp 159–164
Contractor S (2019) MG Motor India installs first fast charging station for EVs in Gurugram, carandbike. https://www.carandbike.com/news/mg-motor-india-installs-first-fast-charging-station-for-evs-in-gurugram-2135346
Covic GA, Boys JT (2013) Inductive power transfer. Proc IEEE 101(6):1276–1289
Covic GA, Boys JT (2013) Modern trends in inductive power transfer for transportation applications. IEEE J Emerging Selected Topics Power Electronics 1(1):28–41
Deaton J (2019) Everybody wants EV charging stations, but barely anyone is building them. https://www.fastcompany.com/90321889/everybody-wants-ev-charging-stations-but-barely-anyone-is-building-them
Diwan P (2018) Slow, Fast and Super: EV Chargers Conundrum. https://medium.com/@pdiwan/slow-fast-and-super-ev-chargers-conundrum-d35ea0da5a87
Dubey S, Jadhav NY, Zakirova B (2013) Socio-economic and environmental impacts of silicon based photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Energy Proc 33:322–334
Eghtesadi M (1990) Inductive power transfer to an electric vehicle-analytical model. In: 40th IEEE Conference on Vehicular Technology, pp 100–104
Electric vehicle charging stations. Technical installation guide, 2nd edn, August 2015, Hydro-Québec. https://www.hydroquebec.com/data/electrification-transport/pdf/technical-guide.pdf
Electric Vehicle Industry 2018: Emerging Trends and Challenges (2018) https://www.engineersgarage.com/egblog/electric-vehicle-industry-2018-emerging-trends-and-challenges/
Fara L, Craciunescu D (2017) Output analysis of stand-alone PV systems: modeling, simulation and control. Energy Proc 112:595–605
Fattori F, Anglani N, Muliere G (2014) Combining photovoltaic energy with electric vehicles, smart charging and vehicle-to-grid. Sol Energy 110:438–451
“From BIPV to Vehicle-Integrated Photovoltaics—Renewable Energy World.” [Online]. Accessed 2017 Nov 18. Available from: https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2005/05/from-bipv-to-vehicle-integratedphotovoltaics-31149.html
Fuller M (2016) Wireless charging in California: range, recharge, and vehicle electrification. Transp Res Part C: Emerging Technol 67:343–356
Garg A (2019) Tata Power to Set Up 500 EV Charging Stations in India by 2020, Says Ramesh Subramanyam, NEWS18.COM. https://www.news18.com/news/auto/tata-power-to-set-up-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-by-2020-in-india-interview-2288637.html
Ghosh D, Karmakar SM, Roy A, Manna S, Samanta S, Mitra S (2016) Installation of 6kWp grid tie rooftop solar system for generation of 25 units of energy per day. In: 2016 IEEE 7th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), pp 1–3
Gupta U (2019) BHEL launches 5 solar EV charging stations on Delhi-Chandigarh Highway, pv magazine. https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2019/09/02/bhel-launches-5-solar-ev-charging-stations-on-delhi-chandigarh-highway/
How to Choose the Right Home Charging Station? ChargeHub. https://chargehub.com/en/how-to-choose-home-charging-station.html
https://s7ap1.scene7.com/is/content/mgmotor/mgmotor/documents/mg-dc-pdf-0060.pdf
https://www.flickr.com/photos/120167116@N06/14120629806/in/photostream/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/departmentofenergy/28749539888/in/photostream/
https://www.hyundai.com/in/en/find-a-car/kona-electric/specification
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-electric-policy-idUSKCN1SS2HS
https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/features/european-countries-banning-fossil-fuel-cars
Kadar P, Varga A (2013) Photovoltaic EV charge station. In: 2013 IEEE 11th international Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics (SAMI), pp 57–60
Khan S, Ahmad A, Ahmad F, Shafaati Shemami M, Saad Alam M, Khateeb S (2018) A comprehensive review on solar powered electric vehicle charging system. Smart Sci 6(1):54–79
Khan NA (2017) Electric vehicle landscape and future forward: bringing clarity in commotion, ETAuto. https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/ev-landscape-and-future-forward-bringing-clarity-in-commotion/61178731
Kim J, Bien F (2013) Electric field coupling technique of wireless power transfer for electric vehicles. In: IEEE 2013 Tencon-Spring, pp 267–271
Kotoky A (2019) India has 150 million drivers and only 8000 want electric cars. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-06/india-has-150-million-drivers-and-only-8-000-want-electric-cars
Kronthaler L, Maturi L, Moser D, Alberti L (2014) Vehicle-integrated Photovoltaic (ViPV) systems: energy production, diesel equivalent, payback time; an assessment screening for trucks and busses. In: 2014 ninth international conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), pp 1–8
Lee S, Iyengar S, Irwin D, Shenoy P (2016) Shared solar-powered EV charging stations: Feasibility and benefits. In: 2016 seventh International Green and Sustainable Computing Conference (IGSC), pp. 1–8
Leskarac D, Panchal C, Stegen S, Lu J (2015) PEV charging technologies and v2g on distributed system and utility interfaces. In: Vehicle-to-Grid: Linking Electric Vehicles to the Smart Grid, vol 79, pp 157–209
Li Y, Cai W, Wang C (2017) Economic impacts of wind and solar photovoltaic power development in China. Energy Proc 105:3440–3448
Li X, Lopes LA, Williamson SS (2009) On the suitability of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) charging infrastructures based on wind and solar energy. In: 2009 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, vol 26, pp 1–8
Ma T, Mohammed OA (2014) Optimal charging of plug-in electric vehicles for a car-park infrastructure. IEEE Trans Ind 50(4):2323–2330
Mittal ML (2010) Estimates of emissions from coal fired thermal power plants in India. Dep Environ Occup Heal 39:1–22
Momidi K. Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System (WEVCS), Jul 12, 2019, https://circuitdigest.com/article/wireless-electric-vehicle-charging-systems
Monthly Energy Review, June 2020, DOE/EIA‐0035(2020/6), U.S. Energy Information Administration, 1000 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20585
Moon S, Kim BC, Cho SY, Ahn CH, Moon GW (2014) Analysis and design of a wireless power transfer system with an intermediate coil for high efficiency. IEEE Trans Industr Electron 61(11):5861–5870
Moriarty P, Wang SJ (2017) Can electric vehicles deliver energy and carbon reductions? Energy Proc 105:2983–2988
Mouli GC, Bauer P, Zeman M (2016) System design for a solar powered electric vehicle charging station for workplaces. Appl Energy 168:434–443
Mouli GRC, Mark L, Venugopal P et al (2016) IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC). 2016:1–7
Mouli GC, Bauer P, Zeman M (2015) Comparison of system architecture and converter topology for a solar powered electric vehicle charging station. In: 2015 9th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE-ECCE Asia), pp 1908–1915
Mouli GRC, Bauer P, Zeman M (2015) Comparison of system architecture and converter topology for a solar-powered electric vehicle charging station. In: 2015 9th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE-ECCE Asia), pp 1908–1915
Mueller OM, Mueller EK (2014) Off-grid, low-cost, electrical sun-car system for developing countries. In: IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC 2014), pp 14–17
Musavi F, Eberle W (2014) Overview of wireless power transfer technologies for electric vehicle battery charging. IET Power Electronics 7(1):60–66
Mwasilu F, Justo JJ, Kim EK, Do TD, Jung JW (2014) Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: a review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 34:501–516
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020. Department of Heavy Industry, Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises, Government of India. https://dhi.nic.in/writereaddata/Content/NEMMP2020.pdf
“Off-grid or hybrid?—Solar off-grid / hybrid.”[Online]. Accessed 2017 Oct 02. Available from: https://offgridhybrid.com/off-grid-or-hybrid-battery-storage/
Perera F (2018) Pollution from fossil-fuel combustion is the leading environmental threat to global pediatric health and equity: solutions exist. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(1):16
“Photovoltaic Research | NREL.” [Online]. Accessed 2017 Nov 16. Available from: https://www.nrel.gov/pv
Qualcomm Halo Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging | No fuss, just wireless. https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/wireless-charging-for-electric-vehicles-brochure.pdf
Rahman MM, Baky MA, Islam AS, Al-Matin MA (2016) A techno-economic assessment for charging easy bikes using solar energy in Bangladesh. In: 2016 4th International Conference on the Development in the in Renewable Energy Technology (ICDRET), pp. 1–5
Regensburger B, Kumar A, Sinha S, Doubleday K, Pervaiz S, Popovic Z, Afridi K (2017) High-performance large air-gap capacitive wireless power transfer system for electric vehicle charging. In: 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), pp 638–643
Renewables 2017. Analysis and forecasts to 2022. https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2017
Rizzo G, Arsie I, Sorrentino M, Solar energy for cars: perspectives, opportunities and problems. InGTAA Meeting 2010 May 26, pp 1–6
Schweber B (2019) Charging electric vehicles, Part 2: The connections. https://www.powerelectronictips.com/charging-electric-vehicles-part-2-connections/
Shah A (2019) India proposes electrifying motorbikes, scooters in six-eight years: source, Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-electric-policy/india-proposes-electrifying-motorbikes-scooters-in-six-eight-years-source-idUSKCN1SS2HS
Sharma R, Goel S (2017) Performance analysis of a 11.2 kWp roof top grid-connected PV system in Eastern India. Energy Rep 3:76–84
Sharma P, Bojja H, Yemula P (2016) Techno-economic analysis of off-grid rooftop solar PV system. In: IEEE 6th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS), pp 1–5
Shemami MS, Alam MS, Asghar MSJ (2017) Load shedding mitigation through plug-in electric vehicle-to-home (V2H) system. IEEE Transp Electrification Conf Expo (ITEC) 2017:799–804
Singh SA, Azeez NA, Williamson SS (2015) A new single-stage high-efficiency photovoltaic(PV)/grid-interconnected dc charging system for transportation electrification. In: IECON 2015—41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, pp 005374–005380
Singh SA, Carli G, Azeez NA, Ramy A, Williamson SS (2016) Modeling and power flow control of a single phase photovoltaic/grid interconnected modified Z-source topology based inverter/charger for electric vehicle charging infrastructure. In: IECON 2016–42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, pp 7190–7196, IEEE
Soni Y (2019) Tata boosts EV plans: 500 charging stations and EV App by 2020, Inc42 Staff. https://inc42.com/buzz/tata-boosts-ev-plans-500-charging-stations-and-ev-app-by-2020/
Soni Y (2019) What are the challenges for the EV market in India? Inc42 Staff. https://inc42.com/features/what-are-the-challenges-for-the-ev-market-in-india/
Taumar D (2019) Here are 11 electric cars that will be launched in the next two years, ETAuto. https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger-vehicle/cars/here-are-11-electric-cars-that-will-be-launched-in-the-next-two-years/68705794
“The Paris Agreement—main page.” [Online]. Accessed 2017 Nov 01. Available from: https://unfccc.int/paris_ agreement/items/9485.php
The different EV charging connector types. https://evcharging.enelx.com/news/blog/552-ev-charging-connector-types
Tulpule P, Marano V, Yurkovich S, Rizzoni G (2011) Energy economic analysis of PV based charging station at workplace parking garage. In: IEEE 2011 EnergyTech, pp 1–6
Turker H, Bacha S, Chatroux D, Hably A (2012) Modelling of system components for Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) applications with Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). In: 2012 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), pp 1–8
Vilathgamuwa DM, Sampath JPK (2015) Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) for Electric Vehicles (EVs)—present and future trends. In: Rajakaruna S, Shahnia F, Ghosh A (eds) Plug in electric vehicles in smart grids. Power systems. Springer, Singapore
Wangchuk RN (2019) Zero-energy mumbai society uses sun to charge cars, cuts power bills to 0! The Better India. https://www.thebetterindia.com/200185/mumbai-electricity-bill-discount-solar-power-electric-vehicle-charging/
Weida S, Kumar S, Madlener R (2016) Financial viability of grid-connected solar PV and wind power systems in Germany. Energy Proc 106:35–45
Xu NZ, Chung CY (2016) Reliability evaluation of distribution systems including vehicle-to-home and vehicle-to-grid. IEEE Trans Power Syst 31(1):759–768
Zhang H, Lu F, Hofmann H, Liu W, Mi CC (2016) A four-plate compact capacitive coupler design andlcl-compensated topology for capacitive power transfer in electric vehicle charging application. IEEE Trans Power Electron 31(12):8541–8551
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kumar, R., Bharj, R.S., Bharj, J., Singh, G.N., Sharma, M. (2021). Solar-Based Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in India: A Perspective. In: Tyagi, H., Chakraborty, P.R., Powar, S., Agarwal, A.K. (eds) New Research Directions in Solar Energy Technologies. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0594-9_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0594-9_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-0593-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-0594-9
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)