Abstract
Present scenario global warming is a major concern worldwide, due to the continuous increment of CO2 level in the environment. The power plants, chemicals, manufacturing industries, and automobiles applications are the major cause for the same. Nowadays, various protocols and norms have been in the implementation stage to either reduce the CO2 level or to capture the CO2 produced during the process. In this chapter, one of the utilization of captured CO2 has been explored as a natural refrigerant, which has favourable thermophysical properties and having the lowest global warming potential (GWP). Many research is going on worldwide for different application in the HVAC sector, like automobile air conditioning, supermarket, cold chain, industrial application, etc. The cold chain is one of the major sectors where the use of CO2 as refrigerant can be appreciated, especially for the referred vehicles and cold storage for NH3 charge reduction. This chapter summarizes the recent development of the CO2 refrigeration system based on the available literature, for the supermarket and cold chain applications followed by advantages of CO2 as refrigerant, its technical challenges, and opportunities over the existing systems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- COP:
-
Coefficient of Performance
- DX:
-
Direct Expansion
- D-X:
-
Direct Expansion
- GC:
-
Gas Cooler
- GWP:
-
Global Warming Potential
- HP:
-
High Pressure
- HVAC:
-
Heating, Cooling and Ventilation
- LT:
-
Low temperature
- MT:
-
Medium temperature
- NCCD:
-
National Centre for Cold-chain Development
- NH3:
-
Ammonia
- ODP:
-
Ozone Depletion Potential
- UNEP:
-
United Nations Environment Programme
References
Fricke B, Zha S, Sharma S, Newel J (2016) Laboratory evaluation of a commercial CO2 booster refrigeration system. International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference. Paper 1691
Ge YT, Tassou SA (2011) Performance evaluation and optimal design of supermarket refrigeration systems with supermarket model “SuperSim”. Part II: Model applications. Int J Refrig 34:540–549
Ge YT, Tassou SA (2011) Thermodynamic analysis of transcritical CO2 booster refrigeration systems in supermarket. Energ Conver Manage 52:1868–1875
Gullo P, Elmegaard B, Cortella G (2016) Energy and environmental performance assessment of R744 booster supermarket refrigeration systems operating in warm climates. Int J Refrig 64:61–79
Gullo P, Hafner A, Cortella G (2017) Multi-ejector R744 booster refrigerating plant and air conditioning system integration – A theoretical evaluation of energy benefits for supermarket applications. Int J Refrig 75:164–176
Hafner A, Banasiak K, Herdlitschka T, Fredslund K, Girotto S, Haida et al (2016) R744 ejector system, case: Italian Supermarket, Apiazzo, Presented at: the 12th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants, Edinburgh, Scotland
Huang Z, Zhao H, Yu Z, Han J (2018) Simulation and optimization of a R744 two- temperature supermarket refrigeration system with an ejector. Int J Refrig
Karampour M, Sawalha S (2014) Performance and control strategies analysis of a CO2 trans-critical booster system. In: 3rd IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, London, UK
Karampour M, Sawalha S (2015) Theoretical analysis of CO2 trans-critical system with parallel compression for heat recovery and air conditioning in supermarkets. In: 24th IIR Refrigeration Congress of Refrigeration. IIF/IIR, Yokohama, Japan
Kim MH, Pettersen J, Bullard CW (2004) Fundamental process and system design issues in CO2 vapor compression systems. Prog Energ Combust Sci 30(2):119–174
Minetto S, Brignoli R, Zilio C, Marinetti S (2014) Experimental analysis of a new method for overfeeding multiple evaporators in refrigeration systems. Int J Refrig 38:1–9
National Centre for Cold-chain Development (NCCD) Report “All India Cold-chain Infrastructure Capacity (Assessment of Status & Gap)” 2014 prepared by NABARD Building, New Delhi
Purohit N, Gupta DK, Dasgupta MS (2017) Energetic and economic analysis of trans-critical CO2 booster system for refrigeration in warm climatic condition. Int J Refrig 80:182–196
Purohit N, Sharma V, Sawalha S, Fricke B, Llopis R, Dasgupta MS (2018) Integrated supermarket refrigeration for very high ambient temperature
Ramgopal M (2018) CO2 based Secondary Loops for Cold Storage Applications. Air Cond Refrig 21(5)
Sawalha S (2008) Theoretical evaluation of trans-critical CO2 systems in supermarket refrigeration. Part I: Modeling, simulation and optimization of two system solution. Int J Refrig 31:516–524
Sawalha S (2008) Theoretical evaluation of trans-critical CO2 systems in supermarket refrigeration. Part II: System modifications and comparisons of different solutions. Int J Refrig 31:525–534
Sharma V, Fricke B, Bansal P (2014) Comparative analysis of various CO2 configurations in supermarket refrigeration systems. Int J Refrig 46:86–99
Tsamos KM, Ge YT, Santosa I, Tassou SA, Bianchi G, Mylona Z (2017) Energy analysis of alternative CO2 refrigeration system configuration for retail food applications in moderate and warm climates. Energ Convers Manage 150:822–829
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pal, M.L., Yadav, A.K., Gupta, D.K. (2021). Application CO2 as Refrigerant for HVAC, Supermarket, and Cold Chain—A Review. In: Goel, M., Satyanarayana, T., Sudhakar, M., Agrawal, D.P. (eds) Climate Change and Green Chemistry of CO2 Sequestration. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0029-6_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0029-6_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-0028-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-0029-6
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)