Skip to main content

The Working of Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanisms in Rwanda: An Econometric Analysis Using the Equilibrium Model

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Rwandan Economy at the Crossroads of Development

Abstract

This paper focuses on the impact of monetary policy transmission mechanisms (selected channels of monetary transmission) on Rwanda’s nominal gross domestic product (NGDP). Using a documentary review and by applying an econometric analysis technique on a set of data collected from 1999 to March 2013, the paper finds a relationship between the two. The study shows that the growth in money supply and the nominal exchange rate greatly affect the Rwandan economy’s NGDP; various unknown factors also affect its NGDP. Growth in money supply has a huge impact on NGDP. The paper explores the effects of stochastic shocks of each of the endogenous variables using the error correction model (ECM). The study shows that a long-run relationship exists among the variables. Also, the core findings of the study show that the exchange rate and broad money are statistically significant monetary policy instruments that drive economic growth in Rwanda.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bernanke, B. S., & Blinder, A. S. (1992). The federal funds rate and the channels of monetary transmission. American Economic Review, 82(4), 901–921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernanke, B., & Gertler, M. (1995). Inside the black box: The credit channel of monetary transmission. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 27–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birgül, C., & Günes, S. (2011). Monetary transmission mechanism in Turkey and Argentina. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, 3(2), 23–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourbonnais, R. (2007). Econométrie, 6ème édition. Paris: Dunod.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cevik, S., & Teksoz, K. (2012). The effectiveness of monetary policy transmission channels in the GCC countries. IMF working paper, No. 12/191, Middle East and Central Asia Department (pp. 1–34).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, K. C. (2006). A VAR analysis of Kenya’s monetary policy transmission mechanism: How does the Central Bank’s REPO rate affect the economy? IMF Working Paper, No. 06/300, African Department (pp. 1–26).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi, D. N. (2005). Managerial economics (6th ed.). New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, S. (1986). Are devaluations contractionary? Review of Economics and Statistics, 68(3), 501–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emenuga, C. (2003). The outcome of financial sector reforms in West Africa. In African voices on structural adjustment: A companion to our continent, our future (p. 471). Africa World Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Éva, K. (2012). Monetary policy in hungary. Budapest: The Magyar Nemzeti Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadare, S. O. (2010). Recent banking sector reforms and economic growth in Nigeria. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics, 8, 1450–2889.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, C., Kumhof, M., Laxton, D., & Lee, J. (2009). The case for global fiscal stimulus. IMF Staff Position Note. SPN/09/03, Washington: International Monetary Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, B. M. (2010). DSGE models for monetary policy analysis. Handbook of Monetary Economics, 3A, 3–1520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M. (1987). Quantity theory of money. The New Palgrave: A dictionary of economics (Vol. 4, pp. 15–19). New York: Stockton Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric model and cross-spectral method. Econometrica, 37(3), 424–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hameed, G., Mughal, K., & Rahim, S. (2012). Linkage between monetary instruments and economic growth. Universal Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2(5), 69–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hameed, I., & Ume, A. (2011). Impact of monetary policy on gross domestic product (GDP). Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(1), 1348–1361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homer, S., & Sylla, R. (1996). A history of interest rates (3rd ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegrating vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2–3), 231–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and hypothesis testing of cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive model. Econometrica, 59(6), 1551–1580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, S. H., Ostry, J., & Subramanian, A. (2007). The prospects for sustained growth in Africa: Benchmarking the constraints. IMF Working Paper, No, 07/52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamin, S. B., & Klau, M. (1998). Some multi-country evidence on the effects of real exchange rates on output. FRB International Finance Discussion Papers, No, 611; BIS Working Paper No. 48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, P. (2008). A guide to econometrics (6th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kigabo, T. R., Pascal, M., & Adha, A. (2008). Monetary transmission mechanisms in Rwanda. National Bank of Rwanda, Economic Review, 002, 34–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loaza, N., & Schmidt, K. H. (2002). Monetary policy functions and transmission mechanisms: An overview (pp. 1–20). Santiago, Chile: Central Bank of Chile.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucian, L. A. (2010). Scenarios for post-crisis period based on a set of presumed changes in the interest rate—investment—GDP growth relationship. In Institute for Economic Forecasting, Romanian Academy, Paper Prepared for the EEFS 2010 Conference (pp. 1–9), Athens, 3–6 June 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majid, M. Z. A. (2007). Causality link between money, output and prices in Malaysia: An empirical re-examination. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 7(1), 221–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishkin, F. S. (1995). Symposium on the monetary transmission mechanism. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 3–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishkin, F. S. (1996). The channels of monetary transmission: Lessons for monetary policy. Working Paper, No. 5464. National Bureau for Economic Research, Cambridge (pp. 1–27).

    Google Scholar 

  • Molho, L. E. (1986). Interest rates, saving, and investment in developing countries: A re-examination of the McKinnon-Shaw hypotheses. Staff Papers, 33(1), 90–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montiel, P. J. (1995). Financial policies and economic growth: Theory, evidence and country specific experience, from Sub-Saharan Africa. AERC Special Paper 18. African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi (pp. 1–33).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogunmuyiwa, M. S., & Ekone, A. F. (2007, 2010). Money supply—Economic growth nexus in Nigeria. Journal of Social Science, 22(3), 199–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onyeiwu, C. (2012). Monetary policy and economic growth of Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 3(7), 62–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan, A., & Sheffrin, S. M. (2003). Economics: Principles in action. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajan, R. G., & Subramanian, A. (2009). Aid, Dutch disease, and manufacturing growth. Unpublished paper, International Monetary Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Razin, O., & Collins, S. M. (1997). Real exchange rate misalignments and growth. Working Paper 6174, NBER, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA (pp. 1–21).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shamshad, A. (2006). Perspectives on Pakistan’s monetary policy developments. BIS Review, 55, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. (1995). The monetary transmission mechanism: An empirical framework. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 11–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ferdinand Nkikabahizi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Nkikabahizi, F., Hategekimana, V., Musabanganji, E. (2020). The Working of Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanisms in Rwanda: An Econometric Analysis Using the Equilibrium Model. In: Das, G., Johnson, R. (eds) Rwandan Economy at the Crossroads of Development. Frontiers in African Business Research. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5046-1_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics