Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds are categorized as contaminants of emerging concern owing to their widespread consumption, persistence in the aquatic environment, development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms, and growing evidence of chronic and endocrine disruption effects. Therefore, pharmaceuticals have been reported to exist in numerous environmental compartments, including surface water, groundwater, and drinking water throughout the world. The principal pathway of entry of these compounds into water bodies is via treated and untreated sewage. In aquatic environments, natural attenuation of pharmaceuticals takes place through various physical, chemical, and biological processes, including dispersion and dilution, volatilization, sorption onto sediments, biotransformation, and phototransformation. Among the listed attenuation processes, both direct and indirect phototransformation play an important role in deciding the fate of pharmaceuticals. In addition to cations and anions present in the aquatic environment, dissolved organic matter (DOM) can have multiple impacts during photolytic degradation, such as photosensitization, light screening, scavenging, and oxidative inhibition. The absorption of UV rays by DOM results in the formation of a variety of photochemically produced reactive radicals, such as triplet excited states of DOM (3DOM), hydroxyl radical (HO•), and singlet oxygen (1O2). This work presents a thorough assessment of various attenuation processes, with specific attention to aqueous photochemistry of pharmaceuticals evaluated using laboratory-scale and on-site observations. This review will highlight the general extent of natural attenuation for specific classes of pharmaceuticals and focus on the governing mechanisms—underlying such attenuation processes based on studies conducted worldwide.
Both first and second author have equal contribution.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acuña V, von Schiller D, García-Galán MJ, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Corominas L, Petrovic M, Poch M, Barceló D, Sabater S (2015) Occurrence and in-stream attenuation of wastewater-derived pharmaceuticals in Iberian rivers. Sci Total Environ 503–504:133–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.067 (For Table 2, permission was obtained from Elsevier, Copyright (2015))
Archer E, Petrie B, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Wolfaardt GM (2017) The fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs), metabolites and illicit drugs in a WWTW and environmental waters. Chemosphere 174:437–446
Ashton D, Hilton M, Thomas KV (2004) Investigating the environmental transport of human pharmaceuticals to streams in the United Kingdom. Total Environ, Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.062
Avetta P, Fabbri D, Minella M, Brigante M, Maurino V, Minero C, Pazzi M, Vione D (2016) Assessing the phototransformation of diclofenac, clo fi bric acid and naproxen in surface waters: model predictions and comparison with field data. Water Res 105:383–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.058
Aymerich I, Acuña V, Barceló D, García MJ, Petrovic M, Poch M, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Rodríguez-Roda I, Sabater S, von Schiller D, Corominas L (2016) Attenuation of pharmaceuticals and their transformation products in a wastewater treatment plant and its receiving river ecosystem. Water Res 100:126–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.022
Azuma T, Ishida M, Hisamatsu K, Yunoki A, Otomo K, Kunitou M, Shimizu M, Hosomaru K, Mikata S, Mino Y (2017) Fate of new three anti-influenza drugs and one prodrug in the water environment. In: Chemosphere. Elsevier Ltd, pp 550–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.102
Baena-nogueras RM, González-mazo E, Lara-martín PA (2017) Degradation kinetics of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in surface waters: photolysis vs biodegradation. Sci Total Environ 590–591:643–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.015
Bai Y, Cui Z, Su R, Qu K (2018) Chemosphere in fluence of DOM components, salinity, pH, nitrate, and bicarbonate on the indirect photodegradation of acetaminophen in simulated coastal waters. Chemosphere 205:108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.087
Boix C, Ibáñez M, Sancho JV, Parsons JR, de Voogt P, Hernández F (2016) Biotransformation of pharmaceuticals in surface water and during waste water treatment: Identification and occurrence of transformation products. J Hazard Mater 302:175–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.053
Burns EE, Carter LJ, Kolpin DW, Thomas-Oates J, Boxall ABA (2018) Temporal and spatial variation in pharmaceutical concentrations in an urban river system. Water Res 137:72–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.066
Calisto V, Domingues MRM, Erny GL, Esteves VI (2011) Direct photodegradation of carbamazepine followed by micellar electrokinetic chromatography and mass spectrometry. Water Res 45:1095–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.037
Cédat B, de Brauer C, Métivier H, Dumont N, Tutundjan R (2016) Are UV photolysis and UV/H2O2 process efficient to treat estrogens in waters? Chemical and biological assessment at pilot scale. Water Res 100:357–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.040
Camacho-Munoz MD, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E (2010) Presence of pharmaceutically active compounds in Doñana Park (Spain) main watersheds. J Hazard Mater 177:1159–1162
Chen Y, Rosazza JPN (1994) Microbial transformation of ibuprofen by a nocardia species. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:1292–1296. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33690.13768
Chen Y, Zhang K, Zuo Y (2013) Direct and indirect photodegradation of estriol in the presence of humic acid, nitrate and iron complexes in water solutions. Sci Total Environ 463–464:802–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.026
Chen Y, Liu L, Su J, Liang J, Wu B, Zuo J, Zuo Y (2017) Role of humic substances in the photodegradation of naproxen under simulated sunlight. Chemosphere 187:261–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.110
Chianese S, Iovino P, Leone V, Musmarra D, Prisciandaro M (2017) Photodegradation of Diclofenac Sodium Salt in Water Solution: Effect of HA, NO3− and TiO2 on Photolysis Performance. Water Air Soil Pollut 228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3445-y
Chowdhury RR, Charpentier PA, Ray MB (2011) Photodegradation of 17β-estradiol in aquatic solution under solar irradiation: kinetics and influencing water parameters. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 219:67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.01.019
Coleman HM, Routledge EJ, Sumpter JP, Eggins BR, Byrne JA (2004) Rapid loss of estrogenicity of steroid estrogens by UVA photolysis and photocatalysis over an immobilised titanium dioxide catalyst. Water Res 38:3233–3240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.04.021
Corada-Fernández C, Jiménez-Martínez J, Candela L, González-Mazo E, Lara-Martín PA (2015) Occurrence and spatial distribution of emerging contaminants in the unsaturated zone. Case study: Guadalete River basin (Cadiz, Spain). Chemosphere 119:S131–S137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.098
Cottrell BA, Timko SA, Devera L, Robinson AK, Gonsior M, Vizenor AE, Simpson J, Cooper WJ (2013) Photochemistry of excited-state species in natural waters: a role for particulate organic matter. Water Res 7:10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.059
Das P, Sarma KP, Jha PK, Ranjan R, Herbert R, Kumar M (2016) Understanding the cyclicity of chemical weathering 4 and associated CO2 consumption in the Brahmaputra River Basin (India): the role of major rivers in climate change mitigation perspective. Aquatic Geochem 22:225–251
Dordio AV, Teimão J, Ramalho I, Carvalho AJP, Candeias AJE (2007) Selection of a support matrix for the removal of some phenoxyacetic compounds in constructed wetlands systems. Sci Total Environ 380:237–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.015
Ebele AJ, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S (2017) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment. Emerg Contam 3:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2016.12.004
Encinas S, Bosca F, Miranda MA (1998) Phototoxicity associated with diclofenac: a photophysical, photochemical, and photobiological study on the drug and its photoproducts. Chem Res Toxicol 11:946–952. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx9800708
Fono LJ, Kolodziej EP, Sedlak DL (2006) Attenuation of wastewater-derived contaminants in an effluent-dominated river. Environ Sci Technol 40:7257–7262. https://doi.org/10.1021/es061308e
Gago-Ferrero P, Gros M, Ahrens L, Wiberg K (2017) Impact of on-site, small and large scale wastewater treatment facilities on levels and fate of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, artificial sweeteners, pesticides, and perfluoroalkyl substances in recipient waters. Sci Total Environ 601–602:1289–1297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.258
Gioia R, Dachs J (2012) The riverine input-output paradox for organic pollutants. Front Ecol Environ. https://doi.org/10.1890/12.WB.017
Gmurek M, Olak-Kucharczyk M, Ledakowicz S (2017) Photochemical decomposition of endocrine disrupting compounds—a review. Chem Eng J 310:437–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.05.014
Gros M, Williams M, Llorca M, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Barceló D, Kookana RS (2015) Photolysis of the antidepressants amisulpride and desipramine in wastewaters: identification of transformation products formed and their fate. Sci Total Environ 530–531:434–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.135
Gryglik D, Olak M, Miller JS (2010) Photodegradation kinetics of androgenic steroids boldenone and trenbolone in aqueous solutions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 212:14–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.03.005
Gurr CJ, Reinhard M (2006) Harnessing natural attenuation of pharmaceuticals and hormones in rivers. Environ Sci Technol 40:2872–2876. https://doi.org/10.1021/es062677d
Heberer T (2002) Occurrence, fate, and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data. Toxicol Lett 131:5–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1936.tb00094.x
Heberer T, Reddersen K, Mechlinski A (2002) From municipal sewage to drinking water: fate and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment in urban areas. Water Sci Technol 46:81–88
Hernando MD, Mezcua M, Fernández-Alba AR, Barceló D (2006) Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater effluents, surface waters and sediments. Talanta 69:334–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2005.09.037
Herrmann M, Menz J, Olsson O, Kümmerer K (2015) Identification of phototransformation products of the antiepileptic drug gabapentin: biodegradability and initial assessment of toxicity. Water Res 85:11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.004
Herrmann M, Menz J, Gassmann M, Olsson O, Kümmerer K (2016) Experimental and in silico assessment of fate and effects of the antipsychotic drug quetiapine and its bio- and phototransformation products in aquatic environments. Environ Pollut 218:66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.040
Jiang JQ, Zhou Z, Sharma VK (2013) Occurrence, transportation, monitoring and treatment of emerging micro-pollutants in waste water—a review from global views. Microchem J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2013.04.014
Karickhoff SW (1981) Semi-empirical estimation of sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(81)90083-7
Kawabata K, Sugihara K, Sanoh S, Kitamura S, Ohta S (2012) Ultraviolet-photoproduct of acetaminophen: Structure determination and evaluation of ecotoxicological effect. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 249:29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.07.018
Kemper N (2008) Veterinary antibiotics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment. Ecol Indic. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.06.002
Khaleel NDH, Mahmoud WMM, Olsson O, Kümmerer K (2016) UV-photodegradation of desipramine: impact of concentration, pH and temperature on formation of products including their biodegradability and toxicity. Sci Total Environ 566–567:826–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.095
Khaleel NDH, Mahmoud WMM, Olsson O, Kümmerer K (2017) Initial fate assessment of teratogenic drug trimipramine and its photo-transformation products—role of pH, concentration and temperature. Water Res 108:197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.078
Kim SD, Cho J, Kim IS, Vanderford BJ, Snyder SA (2007) Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in South Korean surface, drinking, and waste waters. Water Res 41:1013–1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.034
Koumaki E, Mamais D, Noutsopoulos C (2017) Environmental fate of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in river water/sediment systems. J Hazard Mater 323:233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.026
Kral AE, Pflug NC, McFadden ME, LeFevre GH, Sivey JD, Cwiertny DM (2019) Photochemical Transformations of dichloroacetamide safeners. Environ Sci Technol 53:6738–6746. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b00861 (For Figure 1, permission was obtained from American Chemical Society, Copyright (2019))
Kumar M, Ram B, Honda R, Poopipattana C, Canh VD, Chaminda T, Furumai H (2019a) Concurrence of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (ARB), viruses, Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in ambient waters of Guwahati, India: urban vulnerability and resilience perspective. Sci Total Environ 693:133640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133640
Kumar M, Snow D, Li Y, Shea P (2019b) Perchlorate behavior in the context of black carbon and metal cogeneration following fireworks emission at Oak Lake, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. Environ Pollut 253:930–938
Kumar M, Chaminda T, Honda R, Furumai H (2019b) Vulnerability of urban waters to emerging contaminants in India and Sri Lanka: resilience framework and strategy. APN Sci Bull 9(1). https://doi.org/10.30852/sb.2019.799
Kumarasamy KK, Toleman MA, Walsh TR, Bagaria J, Butt F, Balakrishnan R, Chaudhary U, Doumith M, Giske CG, Irfan S, Krishnan P, Kumar AV, Maharjan S, Mushtaq S, Noorie T, Paterson DL, Pearson A, Perry C, Pike R, Rao B, Ray U, Sarma JB, Sharma M, Sheridan E, Thirunarayan MA, Turton J, Upadhyay S, Warner M, Welfare W, Livermore DM, Woodford N (2010) Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis 10:597–602
Kumari D, Goswami R, Kumar M, Mazumder P, Kataki R, Shim J (2017) Removal of Cr(VI) ions from the aqueous solution through nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) Magnetite Corn Cob Silica (MCCS): a bio-waste based water purification perspective. Groundwater Sustain Dev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2017.12.007
Kunkel U, Radke M (2008) Biodegradation of acidic pharmaceuticals in bed sediments: insight from a laboratory experiment. Environ Sci Technol 42:7273–7279. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801562j
Kunkel U, Radke M (2011) Reactive tracer test to evaluate the fate of pharmaceuticals in rivers. Environ Sci Technol 45:6296–6302. https://doi.org/10.1021/es104320n
Kunkel U, Radke M (2012) Fate of pharmaceuticals in rivers: deriving a benchmark dataset at favorable attenuation conditions. Water Res 46:5551–5565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.033
la Farré M, Pérez S, Kantiani L, Barceló D (2008) Fate and toxicity of emerging pollutants, their metabolites and transformation products in the aquatic environment. TrAC—Trends Anal Chem 27:991–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.09.010
Lam MW, Mabury SA (2005) Photodegradation of the pharmaceuticals atorvastatin, carbamazepine, levofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole in natural waters. Aquat Sci 67:177–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-004-0768-8
Lara-Martín PA, Renfro AA, Cochran JK, Brownawell BJ (2015) Geochronologies of pharmaceuticals in a sewage-impacted estuarine urban setting (Jamaica Bay, New York). Environ Sci Technol 49:5948–5955. https://doi.org/10.1021/es506009v
Latch DE, Stender BL, Packer JL, Arnold WA, McNeill K (2003) Photochemical fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment: cimetidine and ranitidine. Environ Sci Technol 37:3342–3350. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0340782
Lawrence JR, Swerhone GDW, Wassenaar LI, Neu TR (2005) Effects of selected pharmaceuticals on riverine biofilm communities. Can J Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1139/w05-047
Lawrence JR, Swerhone GDW, Topp E, Korber DR, Neu TR, Wassenaar LI (2007) Structural and functional responses of river biofilm communities to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory diclofenac. Environ Toxicol Chem. https://doi.org/10.1897/06-340R.1
Laxminarayan R, Chaudhury RR (2016) Antibiotic Resistance in India: drivers and opportunities for action. PLOS Med 13:e1001974
Lee HB, Sarafin K, Peart TE, Svoboda ML (2003a) Acidic pharmaceuticals in sewage—methodology, stability test, occurrence, and removal from Ontario samples. Water Qual Res J Canada 38:667–682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-011-9736-1
Lee LS, Strock TJ, Sarmah AK, Rao PSC (2003b) Sorption and dissipation of testosterone, estrogens, and their primary transformation products in soils and sediment. Environ Sci Technol 37:4098–4105. https://doi.org/10.1021/es020998t
Leech DM, Snyder MT, Wetzel RG (2009) Natural organic matter and sunlight accelerate the degradation of 17ß-estradiol in water. Sci Total Environ 407:2087–2092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.018
Li Puma G, Puddu V, Tsang HK, Gora A, Toepfer B (2010) Photocatalytic oxidation of multicomponent mixtures of estrogens (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) and estriol (E3)) under UVA and UVC radiation: Photon absorption, quantum yields and rate constants independent of photon absorp. Appl Catal B Environ 99:388–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.05.015
Li M, Xu B, Liungai Z, Hu H, Chen C, Qiao J, Lu Y (2016) The removal of estrogenic activity with UV/chlorine technology and identification of novel estrogenic disinfection by-products. J Hazard Mater 307:119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.003
Lin AYC, Plumlee MH, Reinhard M (2006a) Natural attenuation of pharmaceuticals and alkylphenol polyethoxylate metabolites during river transport: photochemical and biological transformation. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:1458–1464
Lin AYC, Plumlee MH, Reinhard M (2006b) Natural attenuation of pharmaceuticals and alkylphenol polyethoxylate metabolites during river transport: photochemical and biological transformation. Toxicol Chem, Environ. https://doi.org/10.1897/05-412R.1
Liu Y, Sun H, Zhang L, Feng L (2017) Photodegradation behaviors of 17β-estradiol in different water matrixes. Process Saf Environ Prot 112:335–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.08.044
Maalanka A, Hubicka U, Krzek J, Walczak M, Izworski G (2013) Determination of fluoxetine in the presence of photodegradation products appearing during UVA irradiation in a solid phase by chromatographic-densitometric method, kinetics and identification of photoproducts. Acta Chromatogr 25:465–481. https://doi.org/10.1556/AChrom.25.2013.3.5
Marco-Urrea E, Pérez-Trujillo M, Vicent T, Caminal G (2009) Ability of white-rot fungi to remove selected pharmaceuticals and identification of degradation products of ibuprofen by Trametes versicolor. Chemosphere 74:765–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.040
Massmann G, Greskowiak J, Dünnbier J, Zuehlke S, Knappe A, Pekdeger A (2006) The impact of variable temperatures on the redox conditions and the behavior of pharmaceutical residues during artificial recharge. J Hydrol 328:141–56
Massmann G, Dünnbier U, Heberer T, Taute T (2008) Behavior and redox sensitivity of pharmaceutical residues during bank filtration — investigation of residues of phenazone-type analgesics. Chemosphere 71:1476–85
Matamoros V, Duhec A, Albaigés J, Bayona JM (2009) Photodegradation of carbamazepine, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and 17α-ethinylestradiol in fresh and seawater. Water Air Soil Pollut 196:161–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9765-1
Mazellier P, Méité L, De Laat J (2008) Photodegradation of the steroid hormones 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in dilute aqueous solution. Chemosphere 73:1216–1223
Mishra M, Menon N, Tatiparti SSV, Mukherji S (2018) Assessment of endocrine disruption potential of selected pharmaceuticals using an in-vitro assay. J Indian Chem Soc 95:269-277
Mohapatra S, Padhye LP, Mukherji S (2018) Challenges in detection of antibiotics in wastewater matrix. In: Environmental contaminants, pp 3–20
Mompelat S, Le Bot B, Thomas O (2009) Occurrence and fate of pharmaceutical products and by-products, from resource to drinking water. Environ Int 35:803–814
Mutiyar PK, Gupta SK, Mittal AK (2018) Fate of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) from River Yamuna, India: an ecotoxicological risk assessment approach. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 150:297–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.041
Nödler K, Voutsa D, Licha T (2014) Polar organic micropollutants in the coastal environment of different marine systems. Mar Pollut Bull. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.024
O’Connor DJ (1988) Models of sorptive toxic substances in freshwater systems. I: basic equations. J Environ Eng 114:507–532. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1988)114:3(507)
Oliveira C, Lima DLD, Silva CP, Otero M, Esteves VI (2016) Photodegradation behaviour of estriol: an insight on natural aquatic organic matter influence. Chemosphere 159:545–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.046
Osenbrück K, Gläser HR, Knöller K, Weise SM, Möder M, Wennrich R, Schirmer M, Reinstorf F, Busch W, Strauch G (2007) Sources and transport of selected organic micropollutants in urban groundwater underlying the city of Halle (Saale), Germany. Water Res 41:3259–3270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.014
Packer JL, Werner JJ, Latch DE, McNeill K, Arnold WA (2003) Photochemical fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment: naproxen, diclofenac, clofibric acid, and ibuprofen. Aquat Sci 65:342–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-003-0671-8
Padhye LP, Yao H, Kung’u FT, Huang CH (2014) Year-long evaluation on the occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disrupting chemicals in an urban drinking water treatment plant. Water Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.070
Paje MLF, Kuhlicke U, Winkler M, Neu TR (2002) Inhibition of lotic biofilms by diclofenac. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-002-1042-4
Pal A, Gin KYH, Lin AYC, Reinhard M (2010) Impacts of emerging organic contaminants on freshwater resources: review of recent occurrences, sources, fate and effects. Sci Total Environ 408:6062–6069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.026
Patel AK, Das N, Goswami R, Manish Kumar (2019) Arsenic mobility and potential co-leaching of fluoride from the sediments of three tributaries of the Upper Brahmaputra floodplain, Lakhimpur, Assam, India. J Geochem Exploration 203:45–58
Radović TT, Grujić SD, Kovačević SR, Laušević MD, Dimkić MA (2016) Sorption of selected pharmaceuticals and pesticides on different river sediments. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:25232–25244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7752-4 (For Table 1, permission was obtained from Springer Nature, Copyright (2016))
Raghunath D (2008) Emerging antibiotic resistance in bacteria with special reference to India. J Biosci 33:593–603
Ramil M, Aref T El, Fink G, Scheurer M, Ternes TA (2010) Fate of beta blockers in aquatic-sediment systems: sorption and biotransformation. Environ Sci Technol 44:962–970
Ren D, Huang B, Xiong D, He H, Meng X, Pan X (2017) Photodegradation of 17α-ethynylestradiol in dissolved humic substances solution: kinetics, mechanism and estrogenicity variation. J Environ Sci (China) 54:196–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.03.002
Rogers HR (1996) Sources, behaviour and fate of organic contaminants during sewage treatment and in sewage sludges. Sci Total Environ 185:3–26
Sammartino MP, Bellanti F, Castrucci M, Ruiu D, Visco G, Zoccarato T (2008) Ecopharmacology: deliberated or casual dispersion of pharmaceutical principles, phytosanitary, personal health care and veterinary products in environment needs a multivariate analysis or expert systems for the control, the measure and the remediation. Microchem J 88:201–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2007.11.021
Schaffer M, Börnick H, Nödler K, Licha T, Worch E (2012) Role of cation exchange processes on the sorption influenced transport of cationic β-blockers in aquifer sediments. Water Res 46:5472–5482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.013
Shanmugam G, Sampath S, Selvaraj KK, Larsson DGJ, Ramaswamy BR (2014) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Indian rivers. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:921–931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1957-6
Shim J, Kumar M, Mukherjee S, Goswami R (2019) Sustainable removal of pernicious arsenic and cadmium by a novel composite of MnO2 impregnated alginate beads: a cost-effective approach for wastewater treatment. J Environ Manage 234:8–20
Singh A, Patel AK, Deka JP, Das A, Kumar A, Manish Kumar (2019) Prediction of Arsenic vulnerable zones in groundwater environment of rapidly urbanizing setup, Guwahati, India. Geochemistry 125590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2019.125590
Sornalingam K, McDonagh A, Zhou JL (2016) Photodegradation of estrogenic endocrine disrupting steroidal hormones in aqueous systems: progress and future challenges. Sci Total Environ 550:209–224
Spongberg AL, Witter JD, Acuña J, Vargas J, Murillo M, Umaña G, Gómez E, Perez G (2011) Reconnaissance of selected PPCP compounds in Costa Rican surface waters. Water Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.004
Stangroom SJ, Lester JN, Collins CD (2000) Abiotic behaviour of organic micropollutants in soils and the aquatic environment. A review: I. Partitioning. Environ Technol 21(8):845–863
Valcárcel Y, Alonso SG, Rodríguez-Gil JL, Maroto RR, Gil A, Catalá M (2011) Analysis of the presence of cardiovascular and analgesic/anti-inflammatory/antipyretic pharmaceuticals in river- and drinking-water of the Madrid Region in Spain. Chemosphere 82:1062–1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.041
Vulliet E, Falletta M, Marote P, Lomberget T, Païssé JO, Grenier-Loustalot MF (2010) Light induced degradation of testosterone in waters. Sci Total Environ 408:3554–3559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.002
Whidbey CM, Daumit KE, Nguyen TH, Ashworth DD, Davis JCC, Latch DE (2012) Photochemical induced changes of in vitro estrogenic activity of steroid hormones. Water Res 46:5287–5296
Winkler M, Lawrence JR, Neu TR (2001) Selective degradation of ibuprofen and clofibric acid in two model rive biofilm systems. Water Res 35:3197–3205
Wojcieszyńska D, Domaradzka D, Hupert-Kocurek K, Guzik U (2014) Bacterial degradation of naproxen—Undisclosed pollutant in the environment. J Environ Manage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.06.023
Xu B, Mao D, Luo Y, Xu L (2011) Sulfamethoxazole biodegradation and biotransformation in the water-sediment system of a natural river. Bioresour Technol 102:7069–7076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.086
Yamamoto H, Nakamura Y, Moriguchi S, Nakamura Y, Honda Y, Tamura I, Hirata Y, Hayashi A, Sekizawa J (2009) Persistence and partitioning of eight selected pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: laboratory photolysis, biodegradation, and sorption experiments. Water Res 43:351–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.039
Yang L, He JT, Su SH, Cui YF, Huang DL, Wang GC (2017) Occurrence, distribution, and attenuation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the riverside groundwater of the Beiyun River of Beijing, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:15838–15851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8999-0
Yin L, Wang B, Yuan H, Deng S, Huang J, Wang Y, Yu G (2017) Pay special attention to the transformation products of PPCPs in environment. Emerg Contam 3:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2017.04.001
Zhang X, Wu F, Wu XW, Chen P, Deng N (2008a) Photodegradation of acetaminophen in TiO2 suspended solution. J Hazard Mater 157:300–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.098
Zhang Y, Geißen S-U, Gal C (2008b) Carbamazepine and diclofenac: removal in wastewater treatment plants and occurrence in water bodies. Chemosphere 73:1151–1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.086
Zhang Z, Feng Y, Liu Y, Sun Q, Gao P, Ren N (2010) Kinetic degradation model and estrogenicity changes of EE2(17α-ethinylestradiol) in aqueous solution by UV and UV/H2O2 technology. J Hazard Mater 181:1127–1133
Zuo Y, Zhang K, Zhou S (2013) Determination of estrogenic steroids and microbial and photochemical degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in lake surface water, a case study. Environ Sci Process Impacts 15:1529–1535. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00239j
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mohapatra, S., Menon, N., Padhye, L.P., Tatiparti, S.S.V., Mukherji, S. (2021). Natural Attenuation of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment and Role of Phototransformation. In: Kumar, M., Snow, D., Honda, R., Mukherjee, S. (eds) Contaminants in Drinking and Wastewater Sources. Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4599-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4599-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-4598-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-4599-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)