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Agroforestry to Enhance Livelihood Security in Africa: Research Trends and Emerging Challenges

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Agroforestry for Degraded Landscapes

Abstract

Africa faces intricate challenges including severe shortage of food, fuelwood and fodder primarily due to increasing human and livestock population and subsistence agriculture. Deforestation, declining soil fertility and soil erosion are the crucial indicators of land degradation. Most of the dry regions experience food shortage due to low crop yields in the nutrient-depleted soils. Farmers are forced to extend cultivation to marginal and erosion-prone soil clearing the forests. Continuous cultivation has replaced the traditional shifting cultivation and fallow systems, which have been practised to regenerate soil fertility in most parts of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Following the inception of the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) in 1987, traditional agroforestry systems have been carefully documented through the diagnosis and design phase in the late 1980s, and new agroforestry innovations were tested at research stations and on farms mostly in tropical countries across the world. Many improved agroforestry options are now being disseminated and used by resource-poor farmers in SSA. In this chapter, both traditional and improved agroforestry systems in SSA, which form a basis of food security for resource-poor farmers, have been described briefly.

Tracing the linkages and prospects of agroforestry systems to enhance food security, attempt has been made to report existing status of indigenous forest and fruit tree species, domestication of indigenous fruit trees, utilisation and nutritional quality of tree products and fruit transformation into commercial products as reported in various studies. In this review, we highlight the state of research on different agroforestry systems, the role of trees in amelioration/reclamation of degraded lands, soil and water conservation, hydrological benefits, microclimatic modifications and biodiversity conservation. In addition, we identified constraints, issues of agroforestry adoption and technical areas still requiring scientific inputs. In a synthesis of research trends and emerging challenges, agroforestry has tremendous potential for food security, increasing land productivity and enhancing livelihood security particularly in degraded and dry regions of SSA. The widespread adoption of agroforestry technology supported by continued participatory research and dissemination can be instrumental to achieve the goals of poverty alleviation, food security, soil conservation and environmental sustainability in different regions of Africa, particularly in the scenario of climate change.

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Acknowledgements

The first author is thankful to the Food and Agriculture Organization for appointing him as an FAO International Consultant (IC-1) in a project ‘Domestication, Post-harvest Handling and Marketing of Selected Indigenous Fruit Trees (TCP/NAM/0167-A)’ sanctioned to the Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia, during 2002–2003. The first author has an opportunity to thank Mr. J Hailwa, then Director; (late) Mrs. Rusta Hangula-Mungandjela, National Project Coordinator; Mrs. Esther Lusepani-Kamwi, National Project Coordinator; and Mr. Michael Aimanya of Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, for their help, particularly in arranging field trips to north-central and north-eastern Namibia while organising the workshop and training programmes. The critical comments on the manuscript by Professor SR Gupta of Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India, are to be appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Natural Resource Management Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India

    Jagdish Chander Dagar

  2. ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India

    Jagdish Chander Dagar

  3. Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    G. W. Sileshi

  4. School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

    G. W. Sileshi

  5. Institute of Crop Sciences and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Horticultural Science, Bonn, Germany

    F. K. Akinnifesi

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  1. Jagdish Chander Dagar
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  1. Natural Resource Management Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India

    Jagdish Chander Dagar

  2. Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India

    Sharda Rani Gupta

  3. Department of Range and Forest Resources, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (BUAN), Gaborone, Botswana

    Demel Teketay

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Dagar, J.C., Sileshi, G.W., Akinnifesi, F.K. (2020). Agroforestry to Enhance Livelihood Security in Africa: Research Trends and Emerging Challenges. In: Dagar, J.C., Gupta, S.R., Teketay, D. (eds) Agroforestry for Degraded Landscapes. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4136-0_3

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