Abstract
Internet of things (IoT) brings connectivity everywhere in today’s world. In a smart and accessible working environment, many sensor nodes can be laid and communication between these sensors helps to access any perilous environment, thus making any industry much more productive and safe. Long-range (LoRa) communication is very essential in such scenario. This paper reviews many research to bring out the concept of LoRa technology. LoRa PHY and LoRaWAN are two basic building blocks of this technology. LoRaWAN is user-accessible part of the technology that defines network architecture, communication protocols, operating frequencies and nature of the connected devices, whereas LoRa PHY is the proprietary part that gives an idea of used modulation technique and its characteristics. With both of these layers, LoRa provides long range, low power, flexible bit rate and low signal to noise to interference ratio communication solution. Literature survey presented in this paper gives an idea about its performance under different scenarios and few implementation hindrance of this new technology.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Shen, C.-C., Srisathapornphat, C., Jaikaeo, C.: Sensor information networking architecture and applications. IEEE Pers. Commun. 8(4), 52–59 (2001)
Anton-Haro, C., Dohler, M. (eds.): Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communications: Architecture, Performance and Applications. Elsevier, Cambridge (2014)
Evans, D.: The internet of things: how the next evolution of the internet is changing everything. CISCO white paper 1.2011, pp. 1–11 (2011)
Berthelsen, E., Morrish, J.: Forecasting the internet of things revenue opportunity. Machina Research, London, UK, Technical Report (2015) (Online). https://machinaresearch.com/report.pdf, 313
Centenaro, M., et al.: Long-range communications in unlicensed bands: the rising stars in the IoT and smart city scenarios. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 23(5), 60–67 (2016)
Semtech (online). http://www.semtech.com
Berni, A., Gregg, W.O.: On the utility of chirp modulation for digital signaling. IEEE Trans. Commun. 21(6), 748–751 (1973)
Reynders, B., Meert, W., Pollin, S.: Range and coexistence analysis of long range unlicensed communication. In: 2016 23rd International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT). IEEE (2016)
Noreen, U., Bounceur, A., Clavier, L.: A study of LoRa low power and wide area network technology. In: 2017 International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Signal and Image Processing (ATSIP). IEEE (2017)
LoRa Alliance: LoRaWAN Specification V1.0, Technical Report, Jan 2015
LoRaWAN Specification V1.0. LoRa Alliance (2015). Available online https://www.lora-alliance.org/portals/0/specs/LoRaWAN%20Specification%201R0.pdf. Accessed 1 Aug 2016
Saari, M., et al.: LoRaA survey of recent research trends. In: 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). IEEE (2018)
de Carvalho Silva, J., et al.: LoRaWANA low power WAN protocol for Internet of Things: a review and opportunities. In: 2nd International Multidisciplinary Conference on Computer and Energy Science (SpliTech). IEEE (2017)
LoRaWAN Regional Parameters, LoRa Alliance. https://www.loraalliance.org
LoRa Alliance: A technical overview of LoRa and LoRaWAN. White Paper, Nov 2015
Lavric, A., Popa, V.: Internet of things and LoRa low-power wide-area networks: a survey. In: 2017 International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (ISSCS). IEEE (2017)
Quinnell, R.: Low power wide-area networking alternatives for the IoT. EDN Network (2015)
Szyszkowicz, S.S., Yanikomeroglu, H., Thompson, J.S.: On the feasibility of wireless shadowing correlation models. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 59(9), 4222–4236 (2010)
ETSI: Electromagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio Equipment to Be Used in the 25 MHz to 1000 MHz Frequency Range With Power Levels Ranging Up to 500 mW; Part 1: Technical Characteristics and Test Methods, Technical Report EN 300 220-1 V2.4.1, Jan 2012
LoRa SX1276/77/78/79 Datasheet, Rev. 4. Semtech (2015). Available online http://www.semtech.com/images/datasheet/sx1276_77_78_79.pdf. Accessed 8 Sept 2016
Semtech Corporation: LoRa Modulation Basics, Technical Report AN1200.22, May 2015. http://www.semtech.com/images/datasheet/an1200.22.pdf
Augustin, A., et al.: A study of LoRa: long range & low power networks for the internet of things. Sensors 16(9), 1466 (2016)
Bor, M.C., et al.: Do LoRa low-power wide-area networks scale? In: Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems. ACM (2016)
Adelantado, F., et al.: Understanding the limits of LoRaWAN. IEEE Commun. Mag. 55(9), 34–40 (2017)
Mikhaylov, K., Petaejaejaervi, J., Haenninen, T.: Analysis of capacity and scalability of the LoRa low power wide area network technology. In: European Wireless 2016; 22th European Wireless Conference. VDE (2016)
Mikhaylov, K., Petjjrvi, J., Janhunen, J.: On LoRaWAN scalability: empirical evaluation of susceptibility to inter-network interference. In: 2017 European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC). IEEE (2017)
Bor, M.C., Vidler, J., Roedig, U.: LoRa for the Internet of Things. In: EWSN, vol. 16 (2016)
Goursaud, C., Gorce, J.-M.: Dedicated networks for IoT: PHY/MAC state of the art and challenges (2015)
Magrin, D., Centenaro, M., Vangelista, L.: Performance evaluation of LoRa networks in a smart city scenario. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). IEEE (2017)
Wixted, A.J., et al.: Evaluation of LoRa and LoRaWAN for wireless sensor networks. In: 2016 IEEE Sensors. IEEE (2016)
Aref, M., Sikora, A.: Free space range measurements with Semtech LoRa technology. In: 2014 2nd International Symposium on Wireless Systems within the Conferences on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems. IEEE (2014)
Petajajarvi, J., et al.: On the coverage of LPWANs: range evaluation and channel attenuation model for LoRa technology. In: 2015 14th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications (ITST). IEEE (2015)
Vatcharatiansakul, N., Tuwanut, P., Pornavalai, C.: Experimental performance evaluation of LoRaWAN: a case study in Bangkok. In: 2017 14th International Joint Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE). IEEE (2017)
Sanchez-Iborra, R., et al.: Performance evaluation of LoRa considering scenario conditions. Sensors 18(3), 772 (2018)
Zhu, G., et al.: Evaluation of LoRa receiver performance under co-technology interference. In: 2018 15th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC). IEEE (2018)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Raychowdhury, A., Pramanik, A. (2020). Survey on LoRa Technology: Solution for Internet of Things. In: Thampi, S., et al. Intelligent Systems, Technologies and Applications. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1148. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3914-5_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3914-5_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-3913-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-3914-5
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)