Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Slovenian National Identity and Citizenship

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
National Identity and Social Cohesion in a Time of Geopolitical and Economic Tension: Australia – European Union – Slovenia

Abstract

This chapter traces the evolution of the theory and practice of citizenship, and to a lesser extent immigration, in Slovenia. It does not discuss the evolution of citizenship or the identity of the EU. The French and United States (American) Revolutions had a significant influence on the historical development of citizenship law. More importantly, and in part, Slovenia’s beginnings will be traced from when the territory of modern day Slovenia was part of the Holy Roman Empire.

Citizenship has evolved from occupation of a territory to excluding people from being a citizen. Citizenship has also been a choice for individual resident in a territory. The disintegration of empires and kingdoms shaped citizenship, and exclusionary approaches were adopted to restrict people from being a citizen or resident. One of the most important roles citizenship has played over the past two centuries has been its ability to provide a level of certainty to individuals as rulers and borders change. Arguably, the two world wars had a significant impact on citizenship. The resulting effect of WWII alone saw the outward migration from Europe and Slovenia, whereby Australia was considered a destination state. Finally, it will highlight how, from the early developments of the nation state to the modern day, citizenship transitioned from allegiance to a legal status.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Luthar, O, (2008) The Land Between: A History of Slovenia, Peter Lang International Academic Publishers, 10–13. Peter Štih, Vasko Simoniti, Peter Vodopivec, Slovene History, Society-Politics-Culture, Besedilni podatki, Ljubljana: Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino: Sistory, 2008.

  2. 2.

    Štih, P, (2008) Vasko Simoniti, Peter Vodopivec, Slovene History, Society-Politics-Culture, Besedilni podatki, Ljubljana: Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino: Sistory, 9.

  3. 3.

    Luthar, O, (2008) The Land Between: A History of Slovenia, Peter Lang International Academic Publishers, 32–33.

  4. 4.

    Ibid.

  5. 5.

    Škulj, J, Genetske raziskave in njihov pomen za preučevanje Venetov, Hindu Institute of Learning Canada, http://www.korenine.si/zborniki/zbornik02/skulj02.htm

  6. 6.

    Patterson, C, (1981) Pericles Citizenship Law of 451–50 BC, 1981, 1–8, in Kim Rubenstein, Citizenship in Australia: Unscrambling its Meaning, Melbourne University Law Review, 1995, 504–508.

  7. 7.

    Shafir, G, (1998) The citizenship Debates, University of Minnesota Press, 31.

  8. 8.

    Miller, F, The State and Community In Aristotle’s Politics, Bowling Green State University, 1–9, http://www.reasonpapers.com/pdf/01/rp_1_5.pdf

  9. 9.

    Aristotle, Politics (ed Sir Ernest Barker, 1946), 134, in Kim Rubenstein, Citizenship in Australia: Unscrambling its Meaning, Melbourne University Law Review, 1995, 504–508.

  10. 10.

    Isin, E, (1997) Who is the new citizen? Towards a Genealogy, Citizenship Studies, 115–131.

  11. 11.

    Pocock, J, (1992) The Ideal of Citizenship since Classical Times, Queen’s Quarterly, Vol.99, No. 1, 10–50.

  12. 12.

    Singleton, F, (1989) A Short History of the Yugoslav People’s, Cambridge University Press, 15.

  13. 13.

    Ibid.

  14. 14.

    Črnič, A., Komel, M., Smerke, M., Šabec, K., Vovk, T, (2013) Religious Pluralisation in Slovenia, Teorija in Praksa, let. 50, 1/205–229.

  15. 15.

    Ibid.

  16. 16.

    Ibid.

  17. 17.

    Kreacic, G., Grafenauer, B, (2000) Karantanija: izbrane razprave in članki, Zavod Republike Slovenije za šolstvo, Ljubljana, Slovenska matica.

  18. 18.

    Ibid.

  19. 19.

    Ibid, 160.

  20. 20.

    Resnik-Planinc, T, (2013) Development and present situation of Slovene didactics of geography, Annales Universitatis Paedagogcae Cracovensis, 113.

  21. 21.

    Slovenian Fact, Famous Slovenians, http://www.un.int/slovenia/famous.html

  22. 22.

    Črnič, A., Komel, M., Smerke, M., Šabec, K., Vovk, T, (2013) Religious Pluralisation in Slovenia, Teorija in Praksa, let. 50, 1/205–229.

  23. 23.

    Luthar, O, (2008) The Land Between: A History of Slovenia, Peter Lang International Academic Publishers, 225–240.

  24. 24.

    Gundersen, J, (1987) Independence, Citizenship, and the American Revolution , Chicago Journals, The University of Chicago Press, 60–77.

  25. 25.

    Ibid, 62.

  26. 26.

    Ibid.

  27. 27.

    Bradburn, D, (2010) The Problem of Citizenship in the American Revolution , Binghampton University, State University of New York, Blackwell Publishing, 1096–1099.

  28. 28.

    Ibid.

  29. 29.

    Ibid.

  30. 30.

    Ibid. Price, P, (2013) Natural Law and Birthright Citizenship in Calvin’s Case (1608), Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities, Vol 9. 73–80.

  31. 31.

    Ibid.

  32. 32.

    Salmond, J, (1902) Citizenship and Allegiance, Nationality in English Law, The Law Quarterly Review, 50–54.

  33. 33.

    Ibid.

  34. 34.

    Calvin Case [1572] Eng.R. 384.

  35. 35.

    Maitland, F., Pollock, F, (1968) The History of English Law before the Time of Edwards I, vol. 2, Liberty Fund, 1898, 458.

  36. 36.

    Salmond, J, (1902) Citizenship and Allegiance, Nationality in English Law, The Law Quarterly Review, 50–54.

  37. 37.

    Sawyer, C., Wray, H, (2014) Country Report: United Kingdom, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, European University Institute, 7.

  38. 38.

    Bradburn, D, (2010) The Problem of Citizenship in the American Revolution , Binghampton University, State University of New York, Blackwell Publishing, 1096–1099.

  39. 39.

    Richards, R, (1987) Transported to New South Wales: medical convicts 1788–1850, British Medical Journal, Vol 295, 1609.

  40. 40.

    Brubaker, R, (1989) The French Revolution and Invention of Citizenship, French Politics and Society, Vol 7, No 3, 30–49. Jurgen Habermas, Citizenship and National Identity, in Steenberghen Bart Van, the Condition of Citizenship, SAGE Publications, 1994, 20–22.

  41. 41.

    Ibid.

  42. 42.

    Ibid.

  43. 43.

    French Civil Code 1803, in Marie-Claire Foblets, Zeynep Tanasmayan, Country Report: Belgium, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, European University Institute, 2010, 2.

  44. 44.

    Ibid.

  45. 45.

    Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, National Assembly of France August 261,789, http://www1.curriculum.edu.au/ddunits/downloads/pdf/dec_of_rights.pdf

  46. 46.

    Ibid, article 3.

  47. 47.

    Ibid, article 2.

  48. 48.

    Ibid, article 4.

  49. 49.

    Brubaker, R (1989) The French Revolution and Invention of Citizenship, French Politics and Society, Vol 7, No 3, 30–49.

  50. 50.

    Ibid.

  51. 51.

    Bertossi, C., Hajjat, A, (2013) Country Report: France, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, European University Institute, 1–2.

  52. 52.

    Ibid.

  53. 53.

    opkin, J A concise History of the Haitian Revolution, Blackwell Publishing, 2012, 170–180.

  54. 54.

    Ghachem, M, (2003) Slavery and Citizenship in the Age of the American Revolutions , Historical Reflections, Vol 29. No 1, 2003, 10–15.

  55. 55.

    Habermas, J, (1994) Citizenship and National Identity, in Steenberghen Bart Van, the Condition of Citizenship, SAGE Publications, 1994, 20–22. Jurgen Habermas, The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory, Edited by Ciaran Cronin and Pablo De Greiff, Translated by Carian Cronin, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998, 130–135.

  56. 56.

    Štih, P., Simoniti, V., Vodopivec, P, (2008) Slovene History, Society-Politics-Culture, Besedilni podatki, Ljubljana: Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino: Sistory, 296.

  57. 57.

    Medved, F, EUDO Citizenship Observatory Country Report Slovenia, European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, 2010, 5–30.

  58. 58.

    Section 28 Austrian Civil Code 1811, Great Britain, Report of the Royal Commission for Inquiring into the Laws of Naturalisation and Allegiance: An account of British and Foreign Laws, and of the Diplomatic Correspondence, Reports from Foreign States, and other Papers, 1896, 2–30.

  59. 59.

    Decree of the Imperial Chancery, 23 February 1833, No. 2.569.

  60. 60.

    Ibid, article 29.

  61. 61.

    Klemenčič, M., Žagar, M, (2004) Ethnic Diversity within Nations, The Former Yugoslavia’s Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook, 49.

  62. 62.

    Ibid.

  63. 63.

    Klemenčič, M., Žagar, M, (2004) Ethnic Diversity within Nations, The Former Yugoslavia’s Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook.

  64. 64.

    Ibid.

  65. 65.

    Vasiljevna Čurkina, I, (2011) Matija Majar Ziljski, Enlightener, Politician, Scholar, Traditiones, 40/2, 9–26.

  66. 66.

    Ibid.

  67. 67.

    Ibid.

  68. 68.

    Klemenčič, M., Žagar, M, (2004) Ethnic Diversity within Nations, The Former Yugoslavia’s Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook, 49.

  69. 69.

    Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 67/1994.

  70. 70.

    Štih, P., Simoniti, V., Vodopivec, P, (2008) Slovene History, Society-Politics-Culture, Besedilni podatki, Ljubljana: Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino: Sistory, 287.

  71. 71.

    Immigration from Slovenia, http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=54

  72. 72.

    Viator, S., Racial Problems in Hungary, Hungary Law on Nationalities 1868, http://www.oocities.org/gogastransylvania/Seton-Watson/Appendice03.htm

  73. 73.

    Ibid.

  74. 74.

    Bauböck, R., Cinar, D, (2011) Nationality law and Naturalisation in Austria , (draft) 1–12.

  75. 75.

    Štih, P., Simoniti, V., Vodopivec, P, (2008) Slovene History, Society-Politics-Culture, Besedilni podatki, Ljubljana: Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino: Sistory, 296.

  76. 76.

    Ibid.

  77. 77.

    Floumoy, R., Hudson, M, (1930) A Collection of nationality laws of various countries, as contained in Constitutions, Statutes and Treaties, Carnegie Endowerment for International Peace, 337–344.

  78. 78.

    Ibid, legitimation Article 4, citizenship is acquired by a Hungarian citizen’s illegitimate children born by an alien woman through legitimation.

  79. 79.

    von Hirschhausen, U, (2009) From imperial inclusion to national exclusion: citizenship in the Habsburg monarchy and in Austria 1867–1923, European Review of History, 551–573.

  80. 80.

    Ibid.

  81. 81.

    Ibid.

  82. 82.

    Ibid.

  83. 83.

    Williamson, S, (1988) The Origins of World War I, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 18, No. 4, 795–818.

  84. 84.

    von Hirschhausen, U, (2009) From imperial inclusion to national exclusion: citizenship in the Habsburg monarchy and in Austria 1867–1923, European Review of History, 2009, 551–573.

  85. 85.

    Ben Bagwell, Yugoslavian Constitutional Questions: Self-Determination and Secession of Member Republics, 21, Georgia. J. Int’l & Comp. L., 1991, 489–499.

  86. 86.

    Mavčič, A The Slovenian Constitutional Review, www.concourts.net, 2009, 10.

  87. 87.

    Bartlett, W, (2003) Croatia between Europe and the Balkans, Routledge, 13.

  88. 88.

    Meier, V, (1999) Yugoslavia: A History of its Demise, Routledge, 53.

  89. 89.

    Mavčič, A The Slovenian Constitutional Review, www.concourts.net, 2009, 10.

  90. 90.

    Frucht, R, (2005) Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, land, and culture , Library of Congress in Publication data, 420–430.

  91. 91.

    Sotirovič, V, (2014) The 1917 Corfu Declaration , The South Journal, Vol. 33. No 1, 2–6.

  92. 92.

    Gow, J., Carmichael, C, (2001) Slovenia and Slovenes: A Small State and the New Europe, C. Hurst & Co, 35.

  93. 93.

    Ibid.

  94. 94.

    Mavčič, A The Slovenian Constitutional Review, www.concourts.net, 2009, 10.

  95. 95.

    Radan, P, (2002) The Breakup of Yugoslavia and International Law, Routledge, 137–145.

  96. 96.

    Mavčič, A The Slovenian Constitutional Review, www.concourts.net, 2009, 10.

  97. 97.

    Article 70 Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Australia: Protocol, Declaration and Special Declaration (St. Germain-en-Laye, 10 September 1919) Australian Treaty Series 1920 No.3.

  98. 98.

    Ibid, article 80.

  99. 99.

    Rava, N Country Report: Serbia , European University Institute, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, (2010), 3.

  100. 100.

    Article 64, Treaty of Trianon and Article 80 Treaty of Saint Germain, in Andre Liebech, Altneulander or the vicissitudes of citizenship in the new EU states, Working Paper Series 5, Osterreichische, Akademie der, Wissenschaften, Commission for Migration and Integration Research, 2005, 2–21.

  101. 101.

    Ibid.

  102. 102.

    Shoup, P, (1963) Yugoslavia’s National Minorities Under Communism , Slavic Review, 65.

  103. 103.

    1921 Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, in Peter Radan, The Breakup of Yugoslavia and International Law, Routledge, 2002, 137–145.

  104. 104.

    1928 Citizenship Act, in Felicita Medved, Country Report: Slovenia, University Institute, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, 2010, 2.

  105. 105.

    Zakon o državljanstvu kraljevine S. H. S. z 21. 9. 1928, Uradni list ljubljanske in mariborske oblasti z dne 19. 11. 1928, št. 109

  106. 106.

    1928 Citizenship Act, in Felicita Medved, Country Report: Slovenia, University Institute, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, 2013, 1–5.

  107. 107.

    Ibid.

  108. 108.

    Radan, P, (2002) The Breakup of Yugoslavia and International Law, Routledge, 137–145.

  109. 109.

    Ibid.

  110. 110.

    Ibid.

  111. 111.

    Djokic, D, (2010) National Mobilisation in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , in Dejan Djokic and Jker-Lindsaym, New Perspective on Yugoslavia: Key Issues and Controversies, London and New York: Routedge.

  112. 112.

    Singleton, F, (1989) A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, Cambridge University Press, 145.

  113. 113.

    Ibid.

  114. 114.

    Radan, P, (2002) The Breakup of Yugoslavia and International Law, Routledge, 137–145.

  115. 115.

    Ibid.

  116. 116.

    Ibid.

  117. 117.

    Ognyanova, I, (2000) Nationalism and National Policy in Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945), in Topics in Feminism, History and Philosophy, IWM Junior Visiting Fellows Conferences, Vol. 6, edited by Rogers, Dorothy, Joshua Wheeler, Marina Zavacka and Shawna Casebier. Vienne: IWM 2000.

  118. 118.

    Ibid.

  119. 119.

    Ibid.

  120. 120.

    Ferš, D, (2003) From Security and Intelligence Service to Slovene Intelligence and Security Agency, Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency, National Security and the Future, 1–2 (3), 61–65.

  121. 121.

    Radan, R, (2002) The Breakup of Yugoslavia and International Law, Routledge, 137–145.

  122. 122.

    Prunk, J., Šavli, J Slovenian in light of Parliamentary Tradition, 2008, http://imss.dz-rs.si/imis/6eb718f995c33fb7ce4f.pdf

  123. 123.

    Ibid.

  124. 124.

    Pogorevc, M Director General of the Police, The Slovene Police, http://www.policija.si/eng/images/stories/Publications/book_slovene-police.pdf

  125. 125.

    Prunk, J., Šavli, J Slovenian in light of Parliamentary Tradition, 2008, http://imss.dz-rs.si/imis/6eb718f995c33fb7ce4f.pdf

  126. 126.

    Bauböck, R, (2009) Bernard Perching and Viebke Sievers, Citizenship Policies in the New Europe, Expanded and Updated Edition, Amsterdam University Press, 330–350.

  127. 127.

    Ognyanova, I, (2000) Nationalism and National Policy in Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945), in Topics in Feminism, History and Philosophy, IWM Junior Visiting Fellows Conferences, Vol. 6, edited by Rogers, Dorothy, Joshua Wheeler, Marina Zavacka and Shawna Casebier. Vienne: IWM 2000.

  128. 128.

    Ibid.

  129. 129.

    Ibid.

  130. 130.

    Ferš, D, (2003) From Security and Intelligence Service to Slovene Intelligence and Security Agency, Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency, National Security and the Future, 1–2 (3), 61–65.

  131. 131.

    Radan, R, (2002) The Breakup of Yugoslavia and International Law, Routledge, 137–145.

  132. 132.

    Prunk, J., Šavli, J Slovenian in light of Parliamentary Tradition, 2008, http://imss.dz-rs.si/imis/6eb718f995c33fb7ce4f.pdf

  133. 133.

    Ibid.

  134. 134.

    Pogorevc, M Director General of the Police, The Slovene Police, http://www.policija.si/eng/images/stories/Publications/book_slovene-police.pdf

  135. 135.

    Prunk, J., Šavli, J Slovenian in light of Parliamentary Tradition, 2008, http://imss.dz-rs.si/imis/6eb718f995c33fb7ce4f.pdf

  136. 136.

    Bauböck, R, (2009) Bernard Perching and Viebke Sievers, Citizenship Policies in the New Europe, Expanded and Updated Edition, Amsterdam University Press, 330–350.

  137. 137.

    From 10/8–1945 to 29/11–1945: based on the agreement of Tito-Šubašić signed on 16 June, 1944, the delegates of the third session of Anti-Fascist Council in Belgrade 10 August 1945 announced a new country as the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (DFJ).

  138. 138.

    Zakon o državljanstvu DFJ, Official Gazette DFJ, No. 64/1945.

  139. 139.

    Haug Hilde, K, (2012) Creating a Socialist Yugoslavia: Tito, Communist Leadership and National, I.B. Tauris, London, Chapter 4.

  140. 140.

    Constitution of the Federative People’s Republic of Yugoslavia, Official Gazette of the Federative People’s Republic of Yugoslavia 1946.

  141. 141.

    Article 12, The Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, Official Gazette Republic of Slovenia Nos. 33/91-I, 42/97, 66/2000, 24/03, 69/04, 68/06, and 47/13.

  142. 142.

    Article 1, Constitution of Yugoslavia 1946, in Ben Bagwell, Yugoslavian Constitutional Questions: Self-Determination and Secession of Member Republics, 21, Georgia. J. Int’l & Comp. L., 1991, 489–499.

  143. 143.

    Ustava FLRJ, Official Gazette FLRJ, No. 10/46. Citizenship Act of the Peoples Republic of Slovenia, Official Gazette of the Democratic Republic of Yugoslavia 64/1945.

  144. 144.

    Haug Hilde, K, (2012) Creating a Socialist Yugoslavia: Tito, Communist Leadership and National, I.B. Tauris, London, Chapter 4.

  145. 145.

    Mavčič, A The Slovenian Constitutional Review, www.concourts.net, 2009, 10.

  146. 146.

    Ibid.

  147. 147.

    Ibid.

  148. 148.

    Henry, C, (1970). The Essential Tito. St. Martin’s Press, 69.

  149. 149.

    Hančič, M., Podbersič, R, Totalitarianism Regimes In Slovenia In the 20th Century, http://www.crce.org.uk/lessons/Articles/eu_hearing.pdf

  150. 150.

    Ibid.

  151. 151.

    Ibid.

  152. 152.

    Ibid.

  153. 153.

    Ibid.

  154. 154.

    Ibid.

  155. 155.

    Ibid.

  156. 156.

    Ibid.

  157. 157.

    Ibid.

  158. 158.

    Ibid.

  159. 159.

    Flere, S., Klanjsek, R., Was Tito’s Yugoslavia totalitarian?, Communist and Post-Communist Studies (2014), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2014.04.009 Ustavno Sodisce RS: UeI-109/10, 2011

  160. 160.

    Tamara Griesser Pečar, The Roman Catholic church in Slovenia Under Three Totalitarian Regimes, http://www.crce.org.uk/lessons/Articles/eu_hearing.pdf

  161. 161.

    Ibid.

  162. 162.

    Kymlicka, W, (2012) Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future, Migration Policy Institute, 6.

  163. 163.

    Batovič, A, (2009) The Balkans in Turmoil-Croatian Spring and the Yugoslav Position Between the Cold War Blocs 1965–1971, London School of Economics, Cold War Studies Programme, 1–10.

  164. 164.

    Ibid.

  165. 165.

    Ibid.

  166. 166.

    Radan, P, (2002) The Breakup of Yugoslavia and International Law, Routledge, 137–145.

  167. 167.

    Ibid.

  168. 168.

    Ibid.

  169. 169.

    Official Gazette LRS, No. 20/50.

  170. 170.

    Ibid, Article 2 provided that a citizen of another Yugoslav republic could be an honorary citizen of the Slovenian Republic. Articles 4 and 5 allowed citizenship to be obtained where a child who’s both parents or, one of the parents was a Slovene citizen. Article 7 enabled citizenship by birth on the territory of Slovenia, or, found and both of the parents were unknown or couldn’t be known up until 14 years of age.

  171. 171.

    Council of Europe, Report by the Republic of Austria pursuant to Article 25 paragraph 1 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, 2000, 5–14.

  172. 172.

    Ibid.

  173. 173.

    Austrian Constitutional Court VfSlg 16,404/2001 and 17,733/2005, pertained to the use of the Slovenian language in local schools.

  174. 174.

    State Treaty for the Re-establishment of an Independent and Democratic Austria, 1955, http://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/1999/3/2/5c586461-7528-4a74-92c3-d3eba73c2d7d/publishable_en.pdf

  175. 175.

    United States of America, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Italy and Yugoslavia, Memorandum of Understanding Regarding the Free Territory of Trieste, singed 1954, Treaty Series, No. 3297, vol 49 and 50.

  176. 176.

    The Constitution of the Italian Republic 1948, Official Gazette, December 27, 1947, no. 298.

  177. 177.

    Autonomous Region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, Association of European Border Regions, http://www.aebr.eu/pdf/fmanager/Regionen/F/Friuli_Venezia_Giulia/Fact_sheet_Friuli_Ven_Giulia_EN.pdf

  178. 178.

    Autonomous Region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, Association of European Border Regions, http://www.aebr.eu/pdf/fmanager/Regionen/F/Friuli_Venezia_Giulia/Fact_sheet_Friuli_Ven_Giulia_EN.pdf

  179. 179.

    Zakon o jugoslovanskem državljanstvu – Official Gazette of the SFRY, No. 38/64 of 1964.

  180. 180.

    By the Constitution of 1963 the State was renamed as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRJ), Official Gazette SRS, No. 10/63.

  181. 181.

    Peter Radan, The Breakup of Yugoslavia and International Law, Routledge, 2002, 137–145.

  182. 182.

    Ibid.

  183. 183.

    Marshall, T, (1965) Class, Citizenship and Social Development, New York, Anchor, 101–103.

  184. 184.

    Mavčič, A The Slovenian Constitutional Review, www.concourts.net, 2009, 10.

  185. 185.

    Cohen, L., Dragovič-Soso, J, (2008) State Collapse in South-Eastern Europe: New Perspectives on Yugoslavia, Purdue University Press, 101–103.

  186. 186.

    Ibid.

  187. 187.

    Ibid.

  188. 188.

    Bagwell, B, (1991) Yugoslavian Constitutional Questions: Self-Determination and Secession of Member Republics, 21, Georgia. J. Int’l & Comp. L., 489–499.

  189. 189.

    Ibid.

  190. 190.

    Tierney, S, (2000) Accommodating national Identity: New Approaches in International and Domestic Law, Kluwer international Law.

  191. 191.

    Meeting of the Heads of State or Government ARIS, The First Summit Conference of the Enlarged Community (II), Resolution of the European Parliament on the Results Reproduced from the Bulletin of the European Communities, No. 11, 1972.

  192. 192.

    Commission of the European Communities, Towards European Citizenship, COM (75) 321, July 1975.

  193. 193.

    Italy and Yugoslavia Treaty on the delimitation of the frontier for the part not indicated as such in the Peace Treaty of 10 February 1947, Signed in Osimo, Ancona, 10 November 1975, No. 24848, United Nations Treaty Series, 1987.

  194. 194.

    Ibid.

  195. 195.

    Marinac, B., Mavčič, A, (2004) Pravni položaj slovenske manjšine v Sloveniji: magistrsko delo, Brdo pri Kraju.

  196. 196.

    Grča, T., Mavčič, A, (2007) The situation of the Hungarian minority in Slovenia with an emphasis on the Lendava region and Slovenian in Hungary: Kranj.

  197. 197.

    Council of Europe, Citizenship and state succession: proceedings, Unidem seminar, European Democracy through law, 1998, 195–200. Official Gazette SFRY 58/76.

  198. 198.

    Ibid.

  199. 199.

    Law on Citizenship, Official Gazette Socialist Republic of Slovenia, No. 23/76.

  200. 200.

    Article 9, Law of Citizenship 1976, Social Federal Republic of Jugoslavia 58/76.

  201. 201.

    Štiks, I, (2010) A Laboratory of Citizenship: Shifting Conceptions of Citizenship in Yugoslavia and its Successor States, University of Edinburgh, School of Law.

  202. 202.

    Olivia Hinerfield, The Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia, Modern European History, Portland State University, 2013, 1–12.

  203. 203.

    Drakulic, S, (1996) Café Europa: Life After Communism , Hachette Digital.

  204. 204.

    Ibid.

  205. 205.

    Ibid.

  206. 206.

    Ibid.

  207. 207.

    Ibid.

  208. 208.

    Jambrek, P, (2014) Nation’s Transitions, Social and Legal Issues of Slovenia’s Transitions 1945–2015, Graduate School of Government and European Studies, Brdo pri Kranju and European Faculty of Law, Nova Gorica, Slovenia, 37.

  209. 209.

    Ibid.

  210. 210.

    Ibid.

  211. 211.

    Ibid.

  212. 212.

    Ibid. 259.

  213. 213.

    Pavčnik, M, (2009) Constitutionis, Glosses on the Writers’ Constitution upon the Occasion of its 20th Anniversary, Ljubljana, Vol. 63, 125, Nos. 11–12, 567–580. Peter Jambrek, Nation’s Transitions, Social and Legal Issues od Slovenia’s Transitions 1945–2015, Graduate School of Government and European Studies, Brdo pri Kranju and European Faculty of Law, Nova Gorica, Slovenia, 2014, 260.

  214. 214.

    Hailbronner, K, (2012) Country Report: Germany, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, European Union Institute, 2012, 1–4.

  215. 215.

    Ibid.

  216. 216.

    Ibid.

  217. 217.

    Federal Constitutional Court, vol. 83, p. 37, 59. in Kay Hailbronner, Country Report: Germany, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, European Union Institute, 2012, 1–4.

  218. 218.

    The 15 Republics included Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.

  219. 219.

    Shushanik Makaryan, Trends in Citizenship Policies of the 15 Former Soviet Union Republics: Conforming the World Culture or Following National Identity? Washington State University, 2006, 1–10.

  220. 220.

    Ibid.

  221. 221.

    Tishkov, V., Zayinchkovskay, Z., Vitkovskaya, G, (2005) Migration in the countries of the former Soviet Union, A paper prepared for Policy Analysis and Research Programme of the Global Commission on International Migration, 5–15.

  222. 222.

    Bradshaw, M, (2001) The Russian Far East and Pacific Asia: Unfulfilled Potential, Routledge, Chapter 14.

  223. 223.

    Jambrek, P, (2014) Nation’s Transitions, Social and Legal Issues of Slovenia’s Transitions 1945–2015, Graduate School of Government and European Studies, Brdo pri Kranju and European Faculty of Law, Nova Gorica, Slovenia, 244–245.

  224. 224.

    Ibid.

  225. 225.

    Ibid.

  226. 226.

    Ibid.

  227. 227.

    Article 7 State Treaty of Vienna, for the Re-establishment of an Independent and Democratic Austria, Federal Law Gazette No. 152/1955, in Marianne Pasterk-Reisinger, Constitutional Developments in Austria, State Treaty of Vienna, 2008, 131.

  228. 228.

    Austrian Constitutional Court, Judgment 28 June 1983, VfSlg. 9744/1983.

  229. 229.

    Beiner, R, (1998) Citizenship and Nationalism: Is Canada a Real Country? In K Slawner and M E Denhim, Citizenship after Liberalism, Peter Lang Publishing, 185.

  230. 230.

    Bagwell, B, (1991) Yugoslavian Constitutional Questions: Self-Determination and Secession of Member Republics, 21, Georgia. J. Int’l & Comp. L., 489–499.

  231. 231.

    Matija Rojec, M., Silva-Jauregui, C, (2004) Slovenia: From Yugoslavia to the European Union, The World Bank, 5–15.

  232. 232.

    Jambrek, P, (2014) Nation’s Transitions, Social and Legal Issues of Slovenia’s Transitions 1945–2015, Graduate School of Government and European Studies, Brdo pri Kranju and European Faculty of Law, Nova Gorica, Slovenia, 19–22.

  233. 233.

    Ibid, 248–251.

  234. 234.

    Ibid, 328.

  235. 235.

    Ibid.

  236. 236.

    Ibid.

  237. 237.

    Ibid, 5.

  238. 238.

    Jambrek, P, (2014) Nation’s Transitions, Social and Legal Issues of Slovenia’s Transitions 1945–2015, Graduate School of Government and European Studies, Brdo pri Kranju and European Faculty of Law, Nova Gorica, Slovenia, 5.

  239. 239.

    Ibid, Official Gazette of the SFRY, 41/1991.

  240. 240.

    Ibid.

  241. 241.

    Mag. Kogovsek, N., Pignoni, R, Erased People of Slovenia, Peace Institute Report on Discriminatory Practices in Slovenia concerning Legal Statuses of Citizens of the Former Republics of Yugoslavia, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/hearings/20070626/libe/pignoni_en.pdf

  242. 242.

    Ibid.

  243. 243.

    The Plebiscite on the Sovereignty and Independence of the Republic of Slovenia Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No 44, 6 December 1990. in Peter Jambrek, Nation’s Transitions, Social and Legal Issues od Slovenia’s Transitions 1945–2015, Graduate School of Government and European Studies, Brdo pri Kranju and European Faculty of Law, Nova Gorica, Slovenia, 2014, 257.

  244. 244.

    Ibid.

  245. 245.

    Ibid.

  246. 246.

    Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 27/1991.

  247. 247.

    Ibid.

  248. 248.

    Ibid, 358.

  249. 249.

    Article 12, The Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, Official Gazette Republic of Slovenia Nos. 33/91-I, 42/97, 66/2000, 24/03, 69/04, 68/06, and 47/13.

  250. 250.

    Arne Mavčič, Modern Constitutionalism and the Slovenian Constitution of 1991, The Analysis and International Department, Constitutional Court of the Republic of Slovenia, 2006, 1–21.

  251. 251.

    Ibid.

  252. 252.

    Jambrek, P, (2014) Nation’s Transitions, Social and Legal Issues of Slovenia’s Transitions 1945–2015, Graduate School of Government and European Studies, Brdo pri Kranju and European Faculty of Law, Nova Gorica, Slovenia, 278.

  253. 253.

    Article 3, The Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, Official Gazette Republic of Slovenia Nos. 33/91-I, 42/97, 66/2000, 24/03, 69/04, 68/06, and 47/13.

  254. 254.

    Ibid, articles 8 and 153.

  255. 255.

    Article 5, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 27/1991.

  256. 256.

    Igar, R, (1992) The Constitutional Crisis in Yugoslavia and the International Law of Self-Determination: Slovenia’s and Croatia’s Right to Secede, 15 B.C. Int’l &Comp.L.Rev.213, 213–418.

  257. 257.

    Ibid.

  258. 258.

    Brändström, A., Malesic, M, (2004) Crisis Management in Slovenia: Comparative Perspectives, Eslanders Gotab, Stockholm, 58–61.

  259. 259.

    Van Vooren, B., Blockmans, S., Wouters, J, (2013) The EU’s Role in Global Governance: The Legal Dimension, Oford University Press, 115.

  260. 260.

    Petra Ramet, S, (1993) Slovenia’s Road to Democracy , Europe Asia Studies 45.5, 1993, 887.

  261. 261.

    Uradni List, Republic of Slovenia, October 1994, http://www.uradni-list.si/_pdf/1994/Ur/u1994067.pdf

  262. 262.

    Dimitrij Rupel, Between National and European Identity: A view from Slovenia, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol 16, No 2, 2003.

  263. 263.

    Protocol of the Republic of Slovenia, Republic of Slovenia, http://www.protokol.gov.si/en/useful_information/national_insignia/text_of_the_slovenian_national_anthem_in_different_languages/

  264. 264.

    Chenoy, A, (1996) The European Union and the Breakup of Yugoslavia, International Studies, Sages, 33, 4, 442–446.

  265. 265.

    Ibid.

  266. 266.

    Craven, M, (1996) The European Community Arbitration Commission on Yugoslavia, University Leicester, 60–80.

  267. 267.

    Ibid.

References

  • Bagwell, B. (1991). Yugoslavian constitutional questions: Self-determination and secession of member republics. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 21, 489–499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, W. (2003). Croatia between Europe and the Balkans (p. 13). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batovič, A. (2009). The Balkans in Turmoil-Croatian spring and the Yugoslav position between the cold war blocs 1965–1971 (pp. 1–10). London: London School of Economics, Cold War Studies Programme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertossi, C., & Hajjat, A. (2013). Country report: France (pp. 1–2). France: EUDO Citizenship Observatory, European University Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradburn, D. (2010). The problem of citizenship in the American Revolution, Binghamton University (pp. 1096–1099). New York: State University of New York/Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, M. (2001). The Russian Far East and Pacific Asia: Unfulfilled potential. London: Routledge. Chapter 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brändström, A., & Malesic, M. (2004). Crisis management in Slovenia: Comparative perspectives (pp. 58–61). Stockholm: Eslanders Gotab.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beiner, R. (1995). Citizenship and nationalism: Is Canada a real country? In K. Slawner & M. E. Denhim (Eds.), Citizenship after liberalism (p. 185). New York: Peter Lang Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauböck, R., Perching, B., & Sievers, V. (2009). Citizenship policies in the new Europe (Expanded and Updated ed., pp. 330–350). Amsterdam: University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker, R. (1989). The French Revolution and invention of citizenship. French Politics and Society, 7(3), 30–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L., & Dragovič-Soso, J. (2008). State collapse in South-Eastern Europe: New perspectives on Yugoslavia (pp. 101–103). West Lafayette: Purdue University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chenoy, A. (1996). The European Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia. International Studies, Sages, 33(4), 442–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craven, M. (1996). The European Community Arbitration Commission on Yugoslavia (pp. 60–80). Leicester: University Leicester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Črnič, A., Komel, M., Smerke, M., Šabec, K., & Vovk, T. (2013). Religious pluralisation in Slovenia. Teorija in Praksa let, 50, 205–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drakulic, S, (1996) Café Europa: Life after communism. Hachette Digital.

    Google Scholar 

  • Djokic, D. (2010). National Mobilisation in the kingdom of Yugoslavia. In D. Djokic & Jker-Lindsaym (Eds.), New perspective on Yugoslavia: Key issues and controversies. London: Routedge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Elshtain, J. B. (1987). Women and war (pp. 250–265). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferš, D. (2003). From security and intelligence service to Slovene Intelligence and Security Agency. Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency, National Security and the Future, 1–2(3), 61–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floumoy, R., & Hudson, M. (1930). A collection of nationality laws of various countries, as contained in constitutions, statutes and treaties (pp. 337–344). New York: Carnegie Endowerment for International Peace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frucht, R. (2005). Eastern Europe: An introduction to the people, land, and culture (pp. 420–430). Santa Barbara: Library of Congress in Publication data.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghachem, M. (2003). Slavery and citizenship in the age of the American revolutions. Historical Reflections, 29(1), 10–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gow, J., & Carmichael, C. (2001). Slovenia and Slovenes: A small state and the new Europe (p. 35). London: C. Hurst & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grča, T., & Mavčič, A. (2007). The situation of the Hungarian minority in Slovenia with an emphasis on the Lendava region and Slovenian in Hungary. Kranj.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gundersen, J. (1987). Independence, citizenship, and the American Revolution (pp. 60–77). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1994). Citizenship and National Identity. In B. Van Steenberghen (Ed.), The condition of citizenship (pp. 20–22). London: SAGE Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1998). The inclusion of the other: Studies in political theory (C. Cronin & P. De Greiff, Ed., C. Cronin, Trans., pp. 130–135). Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hailbronner, K. (2012). Country report: Germany (pp. 1–4). Italy: EUDO Citizenship Observatory, European Union Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haug Hilde, K. (2012). Creating a socialist Yugoslavia: Tito, communist leadership and national. London: I.B. Tauris. Chapter 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, C. (1970). The essential Tito (p. 69). New York: St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinerfield, O. (2013). The rise and fall of Yugoslavia, modern European history (pp. 1–12). Oregon: Portland State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Igar, R. (1992). The Constitutional Crisis in Yugoslavia and the International Law of Self-Determination: Slovenia’s and Croatia’s Right to Secede, 15 B.C. International and Comparative Law Review, 213, 213–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isin, E. (1997). Who is the new citizen? Towards a genealogy. Citizenship Studies, 1, 115–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jambrek, P. (2014). Nation’s transitions, social and legal issues of Slovenia’s transitions 1945–2015 (p. 37). Nova Gorica: Graduate School of Government and European Studies, Brdo pri Kranju and European Faculty of Law.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klemenčič, M. & Žagar, M. (2004). Ethnic diversity within nations, the former Yugoslavia’s diverse peoples: A Reference Sourcebook, 49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreacic, G., & Grafenauer, B. (2000). Karantanija: izbrane razprave in članki. Ljubljana: Zavod Republike Slovenije za šolstvo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kymlicka, W., & Norman, W. (1994). Return of the citizen: A recent work on citizenship theory. Survey Article, 104, 352–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kymlicka, W. (2012). Multiculturalism: Success, failure, and the future (p. 6). Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luthar, O. (2008). The land between: A history of Slovenia (pp. 32–33). New York: Peter Lang International Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maitland, F. & Pollock, F. (1898). (reprinted 1968), The history of English Law before the time of Edwards I, vol. 2, Liberty Fund, 458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makaryan, S. (2006). Trends in citizenship policies of the 15 former Soviet Union republics: Conforming the world culture or following National Identity? (pp. 1–10). Washington, DC: Washington State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marinac, B. & Mavčič, A. (2004) Pravni položaj slovenske manjšine v Sloveniji: magistrsko delo. Brdo pri Kraju.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, T. (1965). Class, citizenship and social development (pp. 101–103). New York: Anchor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mavčič, A. (2006). Modern constitutionalism and the Slovenian constitution of 1991 (pp. 1–21). Slovenia: The Analysis and International Department, Constitutional Court of the Republic of Slovenia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meier, V. (1999). Yugoslavia: A history of its demise (p. 53). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ognyanova, I. (2000). Nationalism and National Policy in Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945). In D. Rogers, J. Wheeler, M. Zavacka, & S. Casebier (Eds.), Topics in feminism, history and philosophy, IWM junior visiting fellows conferences (Vol. 6). Vienne: IWM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. (1995). Pericles Citizenship Law of 451-50 BC, 1981, 1-8. In K. Rubenstein (Ed.), Citizenship in Australia: Unscrambling its meaning (pp. 504–508). Melbourne: Melbourne University Law Review.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resnik-Planinc, T, (2013) Development and present situation of Slovene didactics of geography. Annales Universitatis Paedagogcae Cracovensis, 113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavčnik, M., & Constitutionis, M. (2009). Glosses on the writers’ constitution upon the occasion of its 20th anniversary. Ljubljana, 63, 125(11–12), 567–580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pocock, J. (1992). The ideal of citizenship since classical times. Queen’s Quarterly, 99(1), 10–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popkin, J. (2012). A concise history of the Haitian revolution (pp. 170–180). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, P. (2013). Natural law and birthright citizenship in Calvin’s case (1608). Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities, 9, 73–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petra Ramet, S. (1993). Slovenia’s road to democracy. Europe Asia Studies, 45(5), 887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radan, P. (2002). The breakup of Yugoslavia and international law (pp. 137–145). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rava, N. (2010). Country report: Serbia (p. 3). Florence: European University Institute, EUDO Citizenship Observatory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, D. (1987). Transported to New South Wales: Medical convicts 1788–1850. British Medical Journal, 295, 1609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rupel, D. (2003). Between national and European identity: A view from Slovenia. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 16(2).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matija Rojec, M., & Silva-Jauregui, C. (2004). Slovenia: From Yugoslavia to the European Union (pp. 5–15). Washington, DC: The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shafir, G. (1998). The citizenship debates (p. 31). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shoup, P. (1963). Yugoslavia’s national minorities under communism. Slavic Review, 22, 65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Štih, P., Simoniti, V., & Vodopivec, P. (2008). Slovene history, society-politics-culture. Ljubljana: Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino: Sistory. Besedilni podatki.

    Google Scholar 

  • Štiks, I. (2010). A laboratory of citizenship: Shifting conceptions of citizenship in Yugoslavia and its successor states. University of Edinburgh, School of Law, 2010/12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salmond, J. (1902). Citizenship and allegiance, nationality in English law. The Law Quarterly Review, XVIII, 50–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer, C., & Helena Wray, H. (2014). Country report: United Kingdom (p. 7). Florence: EUDO Citizenship Observatory, European University Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singleton, F. (1989). A short history of the Yugoslav People’s (p. 15). Cambridge: Cambridge Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sotirovič, V. (2014). The 1917 Corfu declaration. The South Journal, 33(1–2), 2–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teierney, S. (2000). Accommodating national identity: New approaches in international and domestic law. Boston: Kluwer international Law.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Vooren, B., Blockmans, S., & Wouters, J. (2013). The EU’s role in global governance: The legal dimension (p. 115). Oxford: Oford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Vasiljevna Čurkina, I. (2011). Matija Majar Ziljski, Enlightener, Politician, Scholar. Traditiones, 40(2), 9–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Hirschhausen, U. (2009). From imperial inclusion to national exclusion: Citizenship in the Habsburg monarchy and in Austria 1867-1923. European Review of History, 16, 551–573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, S. (1998). The origins of World War I. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18(4), 795–818.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Robert Walters

Authors
  1. Robert Walters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Walters, R. (2020). The Slovenian National Identity and Citizenship. In: National Identity and Social Cohesion in a Time of Geopolitical and Economic Tension: Australia – European Union – Slovenia . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2164-5_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2164-5_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-2163-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-2164-5

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation