The Nation State, National Identity and Citizenship

Walters, Robert

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2164-5_2

Robert Walters²

1 Citations

Abstract

The nation state, national identity and citizenship can be best described as separate and distinct legal concepts. While these concepts are standalone, they do, in part, support and underpin each other. In other words, they go hand in hand, and provide the basis for providing a platform for the inhabitants of a state – to identify as being, or, belonging to a state. Moreover, in the case of Slovenes they have the opportunity to also identify themselves as being part of broader Europe (the European union). On the backdrop of the above, the theoretical understandings of the nation state, national identity and citizenship is divided into three parts. The first section discusses the development of the nation state and national identity. Secondly, the literature review traces the evolution of citizenship and its linkages to the nation state and national identity. The third element identifies how citizenship and nationality are recognized in national and international law, although there are subtle differences between the two. The literature review adopts the position of Linda Bosniak, who is the leading scholar in this area to identify the link between citizenship, the nation state and national identity. In addition to Linda Bosniak, the literature also reinforces and adopts Kim Rubenstein’s position that citizenship has evolved into a legal status. It is this legal status that is not only multilayered but provides a level of social cohesion.

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Notes

1.
Sindic, D, (2011) Psychological Citizenship and National Identity, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal, 204–215. Mark Nolan and Kim Rubenstein, K, (2009) Citizenship and Identity in Diverse Societies, Humanities Research, Vol XV. No 1. 29.
2.
Sheppard, J, (2015) Australian Attitudes Towards National Identity: Citizenship, Immigration and Tradition, Australian Centre for Applied Social Research Methods, ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences, Report No 18. 1–15.
3.
Douglas Howland and Louise White, The State of Sovereignty: Territories, Laws, Populations, Indiana University Press, 2009, 182.
4.
Renan, E, (2007) ‘Qu’ est-ce qu’ une nations’ Paris, Calmann-Levy, 1826, in Jiri Pribán, Legal Symbolism, On Law, Time and European Identity, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 80.
5.
Gilroy, P, (1987) There Ain’t No Place in Union Jack: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 45.
6.
Jamieson, L, (2002) Theories Identity, Nationality and Citizenship: Implications for European Citizenship Identity, Department of Sociology, University of Edinburgh, Sociology 34, 10–12.
7.
Article 15, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.
8.
Ibid.
9.
Hague Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Law of League of Nations, of 13 April 1930, League of Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 179, 89, No. 4137.
10.
Ibid, article 1.
11.
Falk, R, (2002) Revisiting Westphalia, Discovering Post-Westphalia, The journal of Ethics, 312.
12.
Gallaher, C., Dahlam, C., Giltmartin, M., Mountz, A., Shirlow, P, (2009) Key Concepts in Political Geography, SAGE Publications, 69.
13.
Ibid.
14.
Gordon Finlayson, J, (2005) Habermas: A very short introduction, Oxford University Press, 2005, 120–125.
15.
Smith, A, (1992) National Identity and the Idea of European Unity, International Affairs, 55–76.
16.
Smith, A, (2011) National Identity, University of Nevada Press, 9–11. Smith cites the work undertaken by Federick Meinecke.
17.
Ibid.
18.
Ibid, 14–15.
19.
Benedict, A, (1991) Imagined Communities: Reactions On The Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London: Version, 7–8.
20.
Minter, J, (2011) National Identity and Immigration : The Cases of Israel and Australia, Queensland Law Student Review, Vol 4, No 1, 1–10.
21.
Bechhofer, F., McCrone, D, (2009) National Identity, Nationalism and Constitutional Change, Palgrave MacMillan, 1–5.
22.
Ibid, 15.
23.
Habermas, J (1994) Citizenship and National Identity, in Bart Van Steenbergen, the Condition of Citizenship, SAGE Publications, 19–20.
24.
Guibernau, M., Smith, A, (2004) ‘On nations and national identity: a critical assessment’, Nations and Nationalism 10 (1/2), 133.
25.
Ibid.
26.
Bloom, W, (1990) Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, 52.
27.
Jamieson, L, (2002) Theorising Identity, Nationality and Citizenship: Implications for European Citizenship Identity, Department of Sociology, University of Edinburgh, Sociologia 34, 6.
28.
Bosniak, L, (2000) Citizenship Denationalised (The State of Citizenship Symposium), Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol 7: Iss 2, 447.
29.
Ibid.
30.
Flahive, E, National Identity in Crisis: The Politics of Constructing National Identity and Mandatory Detention of Asylum-Seekers in Australia and Japan, https://sydney.edu.au/law/anjel/documents/ZJapanR/ZJapanR23/ZJapanR23_13_Flahive.pdf, accessed 2 August 2016.
31.
Renan, E, (2012) What is a Nation? (‘Qu’ est-ce qu’ une nations’) in Bernard Yack, Nationalism and Moral Psychology of Community, The University of Chicago Press, 29–30
32.
Weil, P, (2001) From conditional to secured and sovereign: The new strategic link between the citizen and the nation-state in a globalised world, I-CON, Vol. 9 No. 3–4, 2011, 615–635.
33.
Yack, B, (2012) Nationalism and Moral Psychology of Community, The University of Chicago Press, 29–30.
34.
Bosniak, L, (2000) Citizenship Denationalised (The State of Citizenship Symposium), Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol 7: Iss 2, 447.
35.
Crock, M, (2007) Defining Strangers: Human Rights, Immigrants and the Foundations for a Just Society, Melbourne University Laws Review, Vol 31, 1050–1070.
36.
Felicita Medved, Nationality , Citizenship and Integration, A European Perspective, Council of Europe, 2001, 2–24.
37.
Serrat, O, (2008) Culture Theory, Knowledge Solutions, Asian Development Bank, 1–3.
38.
Deželan, T, (2011) Citizenship in Slovenia: the regime of nationalising or a Europeanising state? CITSE Working Paper Series, The University Edinburg, 2–30.
39.
Sheppard, J, (2015) Australian Attitudes Towards National Identity: Citizenship, Immigration and Tradition, Australian Centre for Applied Social Research Methods, ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences, Report No 18. 1–15.
40.
Minter, J, (2011) National Identity and Immigration : The Cases of Israel and Australia, Queensland Law Student Review, Vol 4, No 1, 1–9.
41.
Habermas, J, (1994) Struggles for recognition in the democratic constitutional state, in Amy Guttman, Multiculturalism: Examining the politics of recognition, Princeton University Press.
42.
Habermas, J, (1996) The European Nation State. Its achievements and limitations. On the Past and Future of Sovereignty and Citizenship, Ratio Juris, 125–137.
43.
Ibid.
44.
Crock, M, (2007) Defining Strangers: Human Rights, Immigrants and the Foundations for a Just Society, Melbourne University Laws Review, Vol 31, 1054–1056.
45.
Pocock, J, (1995) The Ideal of the Citizen Since Classical Times, in Robnald Beiner, Theorising Citizenship, State University of New York Press, 30–50.
46.
Ray, A, (2008) Post Colonial Theory and Law: A critical Introduction, Adelaide Law Review, Vol 29: No ½, 315–325. Postcolonial thought is relevant to citizenship and this study as it presents how for example the law either included or excluded people from citizenship, when territorial rule changed. In postcolonial though, it is essential that a state create an identity to ensure there is a stable society.
47.
Bosniak, L, (2000) Citizenship Denationalised (The State of Citizenship Symposium), Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 7: Iss 2. This presents how citizenship has been affected by regionalisation and globalisation.
48.
Resenberg, P, (1992) Citizenship in the Western Tradition, Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, xvi.
49.
Rubenstein, K, (2002) Australian Citizenship Law in Context, Lawbook Co, 2002.
50.
Turner, B, (1990) Outline of a Theory of Citizenship, Sociology, Vol. 24, 190–2010.
51.
Sindic, D, (2015) Psychological citizenship and national identity, Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology.
52.
Miller, F, The State and Community In Aristotle’s Politics, Bowling Green State University, pp. 1–9, http://www.reasonpapers.com/pdf/01/rp_1_5.pdf
53.
Shafir, G, (1998) The citizenship Debates, University of Minnesota Press, 31.
54.
Isin, E, (1997) Who is the new citizen? Towards a Genealogy, Citizenship Studies, 115–131.
55.
Pocock, J, (1998) The Ideal of Citizenship since Classical Times, 20–50.
56.
Weber, M, (1998) Citizenship in Ancient and Medieval Cities, in Gershon Shafir, The citizenship Debates, University of Minnesota Press, 43–49.
57.
Olynyk, S, (2010) Convenient Fictions: A comparison and Critical Analysis of Hobbes and Locke’s Social Contract Theories, The Western Australian Jurist, Vol. 1, 132–140.
58.
Desmond Nbete, A, (2012) The Social Contract Theory: A Model for Restructuring a True Nigerian Nation-State, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 2 No. 15, 267–270.
59.
Ibid.
60.
Social Contract Theory: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, A Peer-Reviewed Academic Resource, www.iep.utm.edu/soc-cont/print
61.
Ibid.
62.
Locke, J, (1998) Two Treatises of Government, edited by Peter Laslett, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 93–122.
63.
Ibid.
64.
Ibid.
65.
Heater, D, (2004) A Brief History of Citizenship, Edinburg University Press, 67–72.
66.
Jean-Jacquues Rousseau’s philosophy on gender 1762, in Sirkkuy Hellsten, Anne Maria Holli, Krassimira Daskalova, Palgrave McMillan, (2005) 14–16.
67.
Wollstonecraft, M, (2000) Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792, University of Oregon.
68.
Marx, K, (1963) On the Question of the Jewish Community, T.B Bottomore, McGraw-Hill.
69.
Ibid.
70.
Brubaker, R, (1989) The French Revolution and Invention of Citizenship, French Politics and Society, Vol 7, No 3, 30–49.
71.
Blackstone, W, (2001) Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol 1. 2001, 107.
72.
Kelly, D, (1990) The Human: Social Thought in the Western Legal Tradition, Harvard University Press, 263–268.
73.
Spivak, G, (1994) Can the Subaltern Speak? in Patrick Williams and Lara Chrisman, Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader, Hertfordshire: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 93.
74.
Marshall, T, (1950) Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays, Cambridge University Press.
75.
Ibid.
76.
Ibid.
77.
Arendt, H, (1951) The Origins of Totalitarianism, Harcourt, Brace and Company. New York, 266–298, in Daniel Tabb, Statelessness and Columbia: Hanna Ardent and the Failure of Human Rights, 2006, 40–52.
78.
Marshall, T, (1950) Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays, Cambridge University Press, 1950.
79.
Statelessness, European Network on Statelessness, Everyone has the right to nationality, http://www.statelessness.eu
80.
Lister, R, (1997) Feminist Perspectives, Macmillan: Basingstoke, 190–196.
81.
Young, I, (1989) Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship, Ethics, Vol. 99, No 2. 205.
82.
Kymlicka, K., Norman, W, (1994) Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory, Ethics.
83.
Ibid.
84.
Ray, A, (2008) Post Colonial Theory and Law: A critical Introduction, Adelaide Law Review, 315–325.
85.
Ibid, 334.
86.
Bethke Elshtain, J (1987) Women and War, United States of America: Basic Books, 250–265.
87.
Ibid.
88.
Gibney, M, (2009) Statelessness : Statelessness and the right to citizenship, Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford, 51–52.
89.
Barber, B, (1984) Strong Democracy , University of California Press, 118–225.
90.
Habermas, J, (1998) The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory, 110–115.
91.
Barrington, L, (1995) Nation, States and Citizens: An Explanation of the Citizenship Policies in Estonia and Lithuania, Review of Central Eastern European Law, 103–150.
92.
Beiner, R, (1998) Citizenship and Nationalism: Is Canada a Real Country? In K Slawner and M E Denhim, Citizenship after Liberlism, Peter Lang Publishing, 185.
93.
Kymlicka, K., Norman, W, (1994) Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory, Ethics.
94.
Soysal, Y, (1997) Changing Parameters of Citizenship and Claims-Making: Organised Islam in European Public Spheres, Theory and Society, Vol 26, No 4, 509–513.
95.
Soysal, Y, (1994) Limits of Citizenship: Mirgrant and Postnational Membership in Europe, Chicago University Press, 1–15.
96.
Ibid, 140–145.
97.
Bosniak, L, (2000) Citizenship Denationalised (The State of Citizenship Symposium), Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol 7: Iss 2, 463.
98.
Shore, C, (2000) Building Europe: The Cultural Politics of European Integration. London and New York, Routledge, 72.
99.
Issever, E., Bahar Rumelili, B, (2009) European Citizenship and Third Country Nationals: A Comparative Analysis of Germany and Britain, INTL 533, 1.
100.
Ibid.
101.
Maas, W, (2008) Migrants, States, and EU Citizenship’s Unfulfilled Promise, Citizenship Studies, 583–596.
102.
Linklater, A, (1998) Cosmopolitan Citizenship, Citizenship Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, 26.
103.
Salmond, J, (1902) Citizenship and Allegiance, Nationality in English Law, The Law Quarterly
Review.
104.
Castles, S, (2005) Migration and Community Formation Under Conditions of Globalisation, International Migration Review, 1143–1166.
105.
Werbner, P., Yuval-Davis, N, (2002) Women and the New Discourse of Citizenship, Zed Books, London, 1999, 2, in Lyn Jamieson, Theorising Identity, Nationality and Citizenship: Implications for European Citizenship Identity’, Soliologia 34, 14–15.
106.
Medved, F, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, Country Report: Slovenia, 2013, 20–27, http://eudocitizenship.eu/admin/?p=file&appl=countryProfiles&f=2013-24-Slovenia.pdf
107.
Weil, P, (2001) Access to Citizenship: A comparison of twenty five nationality laws, in Thomas Aleinikoff and Douglas Klusmeyer, Citizenship Today: Global Perspectives and Practices, Carnegies Endowment for International Peas, Washington DC, 17–35.
108.
Olynyk, S, (2010) Convenient Fictions: A comparison and Critical Analysis of Hobbes and Locke’s Social Contract Theories, The Western Australian Jurist, Vol. 1, 132–140. Alubabari Desmond Nbete, The Social Contract Theory: A Model for Restructuring a True Nigerian Nation-State, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 2 No. 15, 2012, 267–270.
109.
Cohen, J, (1999) “Changing Paradigms of Citizenship and the Exclusiveness of the Demos”, International Sociology, 14 (3): 245–268. Joseph Carens, J. H., 1987, “Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders”, The Review of Politics, 1987, 49 (2): 252–273. Joseph Carens, 2000, Culture , Citizenship, and Community. A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
110.
Brubaker, R, (1989) The French Revolution and Invention of Citizenship, French Politics and Society, Vol 7, No 3, 30–49. Karl Marx, On the Question of the Jewish Community, T.B Bottomore, McGraw-Hill 1963. Lister, R, (1997) Feminist Perspectives, Macmillan: Basingstoke, 196.
111.
Marshall, T, (1950) Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays, Cambridge University Press. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Harvard University Press, 1971, 3–5.
112.
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113.
Zorn, J, (2004) The Politics of Exclusion Citizenship, Human Rights and the Erased in Slovenia, UDK, 1–7.
114.
Kymlicka., W, Norman, W, (1994) Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory, 104, Ethics, 351–354.
115.
Ibid.
116.
Young, I, (1989) Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship, Ethics, Vol. 99, No 2, 250–270.
117.
Ibid.
118.
Bosniak, L, (2006) The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership, Princetown University Press, 18–19.
119.
Lund Black, C, (1969) Structure and Relationship in Constitutional Law, Ox bo Press, in Linda Bosniak, Citizenship Denationalised (The State of Citizenship Symposium), Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol 7: Iss 2, 2000, 447.
120.
Knop, K, (2008) Citizenship Public and Private, Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 71:309, 309–340.
121.
Maas, W, (2013) Multilevel Citizenship, University of Pennsylvania Press, 200–202.
122.
Ibid.
123.
Beine, M., Docquier, F., Ozden, C, (2009) Diasporas , University of Luxembourg, Journal of Development Economics. Stine Neerup, Diasporas in the Commonwealth, Focus on diasporas in the Commonwealth, Institute for the Study of Global Movements, Monash University, Vol 6 No 1, 2009.
124.
Betts, K., Birrell, B, (2007) Making Australian Citizenship Mean More, People and Place, Vol 15, No 1, 44–55.
125.
Tabor, A., Milfont, T, (2011) Migration change model: Exploring the process of migration on a psychological level, International; Journal of Intercultural Relations, 818–820.
126.
Knop, K, (2007) The Private Side of Citizenship, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, American Society of International Law, Vol. 101.
127.
Bosniak, L, (2000) Citizenship Denationalised (The State of Citizenship Symposium), Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol 7: Iss 2, 2000, 449. Kim Rubenstein, Daniel Adler, International Citizenship: The Future of Nationality in a Globalised World, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 7: Iss. 2, 2000, 521.
128.
Irving, H, (2008) Still Call Australian Home: The Constitution and the Citizen’s Right of Abode, Sydney Law Review, Vol 30: 133.
129.
Crock, M., Berg, L, (2011) Immigration Refugees and Forced Migration Law, Policy and Practice in Australia, The Federation Press, 17–20.
130.
Above, n 86, 463.
131.
Kymlicka, K., Norman, W, (1994) Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory, Ethics.
132.
Rubenstein, K., Adler, D, (2000) International Citizenship: The Future of Nationality in a Globalised World, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 7: Iss. 2, 521.
133.
Bosniak, L, (2000) Citizenship Denationalised (The State of Citizenship Symposium), Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol 7: Iss 2, 449.
134.
Irving, H, (2008) Still Call Australian Home: The Constitution and the Citizen’s Right of Abode, Sydney Law Review, Vol 30: 133.
135.
Crock, M., Berg, L, (2011) Immigration Refugees and Forced Migration Law, Policy and Practice in Australia, The Federation Press, 17–20.
136.
Rubenstein, K, (2011) Australian Citizenship Law in Context, Lawbook Co, 2002.
137.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census, https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/webapi/jsf/selectTopic.xhtml
138.
Ibid.
139.
Slovenia Statistics Office, Republic of Slovenia, Population data, http://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/Dialog/Saveshow.asp
140.
Kogovsek, N, (2007) The Principle of Iussanguinis (blood descent ), The Peace Institute, 1–15.
141.
Rubenstein, K, (2004) Globalisation and Citizenship and Nationality , The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Law, Legal Studies, Research Paper No.69, 1–29.
142.
Ibid.
143.
Weis, P, (1979) Nationality and Statelessness in International Law, Hyperion, Connecticut, 2–7.
144.
Liechtenstein v Guatamela, International Court of Justice, 1955, ICJ 4, in Kim Rubenstein, Globalisation and Citizenship and Nationality, The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Law, Legal Studies, Research Paper No.69, 2004, 18.
145.
Ibid.
146.
Ibid.
147.
Article 2, European Convention on Nationality, Strasbourg, 6.XI 1997.
148.
Ibid.
149.
Hailbronner, K, (2006) Nationality in public international law and European law, in R Baubock, E Ersholl, K Groenendijik and H Waldrauch, Acquisition and Loss of Nationality: Policies and Trends in 15 European States, Amsterdam University Press, 70–79.
150.
Article 8 Maastricht Treaty 1992.
151.
Case C-369/90 Mario Vincente Micheletti and others v Dlehacion del Gobierno en Cantabria (1992) ECR I-4239.
152.
Case C-148/02 Carlos Garcia Avello v Etat Belge (2003) ECR I-11613.
153.
VSAB v MIMA (2006) FCA 239, 48.
154.
European University Institute, European Union Democracy Observatory, Citizenship or Nationality , www.eudo-citizenship.eu
155.
Ibid.
156.
Ibid.
157.
EUDO Observatory on citizenship, Citizenship or Nationality, European University Institute, http://eudo-citizenship.eu/databases/citizenship-glossary/terminology
158.
Ibid.
159.
Ibid.
160.
Ibid.

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Robert Walters

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Walters, R. (2020). The Nation State, National Identity and Citizenship. In: National Identity and Social Cohesion in a Time of Geopolitical and Economic Tension: Australia – European Union – Slovenia . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2164-5_2

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2164-5_2
Published: 27 February 2020
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