Abstract
This chapter highlights some of the policy drivers that will influence the development and retention of national identity and social cohesion in the future. More pervasively, the impact on national identity and social cohesion will be influenced by world population growth and migration. Tensions are appearing between generations and among various population groups. Australia, Slovenia and the EU are facing a structural slowdown of global economic growth, and therefore, increasing the growth of productivity which is necessary and needs to be sustained. With the fourth industrial revolution well underway, the digital economy (robotics, trade in data and artificial intelligence), is creating new models of business, work and jobs which demands the development of new knowledge and skills and adaptation in numerous areas of the economy, society and the environment. Thus, the polarization of economic and political power increases pressures, while new forms of social conflict are created which are reflected in citizens’ increasing distrust of institutions. Citizenship, immigration, rights and PIL while settled legal and policy concepts are likely to be impacted from this change. If so, the resulting effect for states and the EU may require a rethink and either tightening or relaxing of these laws.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Organisation for Economic Development, Perspective on Global Development 2012: Social Cohesion in A Shifting World. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/persp_glob_dev-2012-en
- 2.
Ibid.
- 3.
Ibid.
- 4.
Ibid.
- 5.
Ibid.
- 6.
Galligan, B. (2017) Australian Citizenship in a Changing Nation and World, https://link-springer-com.wallaby.vu.edu.au:4433/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-53529-6_4.pdf
- 7.
Ibid.
- 8.
Scanlon Foundation, Citizenship Discussion 2015, https://scanlonfoundation.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Citizenship.pdf
- 9.
Ibid.
- 10.
Ibid.
- 11.
Ibid.
- 12.
Smith, A. (1992) National Identity and the Idea of European Unity, International Affairs, vol 61 (1), 55–76.
- 13.
Mendez, C. Bachtler, J. European Identity and Citizen Attitudes to Cohesion Policy: What do we know? http://www.cohesify.eu/downloads/Cohesify_Research_Paper1.pdf
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
Deutsch, K., Burrell, S., Kann, R., Lee Jr., M., Lichterman, M., Lindgren, R., Loewenheim, F,. and Van Wagenen, R., (1957) Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 30–38.
- 16.
Haas, E. (1958) The Uniting of Europe: Political, Economic and Social Forces, 1950–1957, London: Steven & Sons.
- 17.
Ibid.
- 18.
Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union, Official Journal of the European Union C 115/13.
- 19.
Ibid. Article 9 states that in all its activities, the Union shall observe the principle of the equality of its citizens, who shall receive equal attention from its institutions, bodies, offices and agencies. Every national of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall be additional to national citizenship and shall not replace it. Article 10 goes further by establishing the fundamental democractic values of the EU. It states: The functioning of the Union shall be founded on representative democracy. Citizens are directly represented at Union level in the European Parliament.
- 20.
Report by President Donald Tusk to the European Parliament on October European Council meetings and presentation of the Leaders’ Agenda, Council of the European Union, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/10/24/tusk-report-european-parliament-strasbourg/pdf
- 21.
Will London be berned like Switzerland? Finacial Times (July 2019), https://www.ft.com/content/fe903f9b-926d-36c8-b950-f2f56e014cff
- 22.
Shaw, J ‘Individual Rights and Citizenship: A Dynamic Interaction’ (Centre for the Study of Law in Europe, Univ. of Leeds, UK) (1998).
- 23.
Schuman, R, The research and Study Center of Europe, Europe and the identity challenge: who are “we”?, https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/european-issues/0466-europe-and-the-identity-challenge-who-are-we
- 24.
Ibid.
- 25.
Ibid.
- 26.
Mendez, C. Bachtler, J. European Identity and Citizen Attitudes to Cohesion Policy: What do we know? http://www.cohesify.eu/downloads/Cohesify_Research_Paper1.pdf
- 27.
Ibid.
- 28.
Ibid.
- 29.
Ibid.
- 30.
European Commission, European Cohesion Policy, 20124-202, https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/informat/basic/basic_2014_en.pdf
- 31.
Božo Repe, Regional Differences, Slovene National Identity, And The Foundation of The Slovene State, https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/ssj/article/viewFile/14774/12383
- 32.
Ibid.
- 33.
Organisation for Economic Development, Perspective on Global Development 2012: Social Cohesion In A Shifting World, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/persp_glob_dev-2012-en
- 34.
Ibid.
- 35.
Australian Government 2017, Multicultural Australia: United, Strong, Successful. Canberra: https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/LifeinAustralia/Documents/MulticulturalAffairs/english-multicultural-statement.pdf
- 36.
Australian Human Rights Commission, The Challenge of Social Coherence, https://www.humanrights.gov.au/about/news/speeches/challenge-social-cohesion
- 37.
Ibid.
- 38.
Ibid.
- 39.
Ibid.
- 40.
Janny, J, Making Sense of Europe’s Cohesion Challenge, European Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR171_-_MAKING_SENSE_OF_EUROPE%2527S_COHESION_CHALLENGE_%28WEB%29.pdf
- 41.
Ibid.
- 42.
Ibid.
- 43.
Capello, R, (2017) Cohesion Policies and the Creation of a European Identity: The Role of Territorial Identity, Journal of Common Market Studies.
- 44.
Slovenian development strategy 2030, edited by Timotej Šooš ... [et al.]; translated by Polona Vrabec; photography Archives of the Government Office for Development and European Cohesion Policy, http://www.vlada.si/fileadmin/dokumenti/si/projekti/2017/srs2030/en/Slovenia_2030.pdf
- 45.
Ibid.
- 46.
Ibid.
- 47.
Ibid.
- 48.
Ibid.
- 49.
Ibid. Slovenia aim achieve the cultural and language goal by: a) developing and preserving the Slovene language and culture , and the cultural and natural heritage; b) strengthening the national identity and protecting cultural diversity; c) promoting sound management of the cultural heritage based on collaboration among all stakeholders; d) promoting cultural activities and through digitalisation, which makes it possible to preserve, provide access to and promote cultural materials; e) providing open access to language tools and resources and cultural materials to all, particularly to disabled persons and people with various forms of functional disabilities; f) strengthening cooperation between the business and cultural spheres, and promoting creativity and the creative industries and research sciences as a synergy between science and art; g) promoting international cultural collaboration, promoting Slovenian culture and sports internationally, making connections with Slovenes across the border and around the world, and developing an effective public diplomacy system in order to increase Slovenia’s recognition and reputation around the world.
- 50.
Ibid.
- 51.
Ibid. The size of the younger population is increasing primarily in the vicinity of urban areas, while it is decreasing in remote and border areas. Without appropriate measures this trend will continue, which will also result in the reduction of the workforce in remote areas, the abandonment of farming, increased reforestation and security issues, and in cities to increased demand for housing and adjustments to service networks.
- 52.
Ibid.
- 53.
Desmond Tan and Eugene Teng Fostering Social Cohesion in 21st Century Singapore in C.-H. Leong and L.-C. Malone-Lee (eds.), Building Resilient Neighbourhoods in Singapore, Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7048-9_2
- 54.
Ibid.
- 55.
United Nations’ New Urban Agenda in 2016, http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf
- 56.
Medved, F, Unified Slovenian Nation: Slovenian Citizenship Policy towards Slovenians Abroad, in Gyõzõ Cholnoky, Zoltán Kántor, András Ludányi and Eszter Herner-Kovács, Minority Studies Special issue Trends and Directions of Kin-State Policies in Europe and Across the Globe, Lucidus Kiadó, 2014, 153–184.
- 57.
Medved, F, (2010) Country Report: Slovenia, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, European University Institute, Italy, 23.
References
Capello, R. (2017). Cohesion policies and the creation of a European identity: The role of territorial identity. Journal of Common Market Studies, 49(5), 1089–1111.
Chesterman, J., & Galligan, B. (1997). Citizens without rights: Aborigines and Australian citizenship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chesterman, J., & Galligan, B. (1999). Defining Australian citizenship: Selected documents. Melbourne: University of Melbourne Press.
Deutsch, K., Burrell, S., Kann, R., Lee, M., Jr., Lichterman, M., Lindgren, R., Loewenheim, F., & Van Wagenen, R. (1957). Political community and the North Atlantic area: International organization in the light of historical experience (pp. 30–38). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Haas, E. (1958). The uniting of Europe: Political, economic and social forces, 1950–1957. London: Steven & Sons.
Medved, F. (2010). Country report: Slovenia, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, European University Institute, Italy, p. 23.
Medved, F. (2014). Unified Slovenian nation: Slovenian citizenship policy towards Slovenians abroad. In G. Cholnoky, Z. Kántor, A. Ludányi, & E. Herner-Kovács (Eds.), Minority studies special issue trends and directions of kin-state policies in Europe and across the globe (pp. 153–184). Budapest: Lucidus Kiadó.
Shaw, J. (1998). Individual rights and citizenship: A dynamic interaction. Leeds: Centre for the Study of Law in Europe, University of Leeds.
Smith, A. (1992). National identity and the idea of European Unity. International Affairs, 61(1), 55–76.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Walters, R. (2020). A Pathway Forward. In: National Identity and Social Cohesion in a Time of Geopolitical and Economic Tension: Australia – European Union – Slovenia . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2164-5_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2164-5_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-2163-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-2164-5
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)