Private International Law

Walters, Robert

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2164-5_11

Robert Walters²

289 Accesses

Abstract

The ability of a Slovene citizen to migrate from Slovenia to Australia or vice versa and engage with citizens in private activities is regulated by both states. Private International Law helps facilitate those private activities of a citizen such as marriage and divorce across international borders. This chapter demonstrates that citizenship is not the deciding factor when determining the choice of law and jurisdiction in private activities. It will also demonstrate how both jurisdictions have applied the legal principles of citizenship, residence and location (country) in private international law (marriage, divorce, paternity or maternity, maintenance, parental responsibility, international adoption, matrimonial property [immovable and common assets], inheritance and superannuation). Slovenia’s Private International Law and Procedures Act (PIL Act) provides the basis for determining the choice of laws and jurisdiction in private activities. Australia does not have equivalent legislation and that responsibility rests with the judiciary. This chapter does not examine the procedural laws or the dispositive and indicative (Dispositive laws describe the rules of law which determine the rules (national or domestic) that are applied in a matter. The indicative rules identify the legal system, and in this case it could be either the civil law or common law of either Slovenia or Australia) rules to ascertain the governing law.

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Notes

1.
Koopmans, R., Statham, P, (2001) How national citizenship shapes transnationalism. A comparative analysis of migrants Claims-making in Germany, Great Britain and the Netherlands, Revue Eurohernna des Migrations Internationals, REMI, 63–100.
2.
Vetovec, S, (2001) Transnationalism and Identity, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4.
3.
Mortensen, R., Garnett, R., Keyes, M, (2011) Private International Law in Australia, 2nd Edition, LexisNexis Butterworths, 8.
4.
Stone, P, (2010) EU Private International Law, Second Edition, Elgar European Law, 3.
5.
Knop, K, (2008) Citizenship Public and Private, Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 71:309, 309–340.
6.
Kant, I (2003) To Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical sketch, in Ted Humphrey, Hackett Publishing, para 358.
7.
Hague Conference on Private International Law, http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=text.display&tid=26
8.
Article 1, The Private International Law and Procedure Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 56/99.
9.
Puharič, K, (2003) Private International Law in Slovenia, in Yearbook of Private International Law, Kluwer Law International & Swiss Institute of Comparative Law, Vol 5, 155–157.
10.
Ibid.
11.
Ibid.
12.
Article 34, The Private International Law and Procedures Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 56/99.
13.
Article 37, The Private International Law and Procedures Act, Offcial Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 56/99.
14.
Ibid, article 38.
15.
Ibid, article 42.
16.
Ibid, article 43.
17.
Article 44.
18.
Article 46.
19.
Article 33.
20.
Article 32.
21.
Article 14.
22.
Article 15.
23.
Article 10.
24.
Ibid, article 11.
25.
Ibid, article 11.
26.
Ibid, article 21.
27.
Ibid, article 39.
28.
Mills, A, (2009) The Confluence of Public and Private International Law: Justice, Pluralism and Subsidiarity in the International ordering of Private Law, Cambridge, 66.
29.
Hayek, F, (1973) Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, Routledge & Kegan Paul, Vol 1, 116–118.
30.
Domicile Act 1982, Commonwealth, http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2008C00386
31.
Dirkis, M, (2013) Nowhere man sitting in his nowhere land: The continuing saga of cross border arbitrage, Revenue Law Journal, Vol 21, Issue 1, 5, 179.
32.
Henderson v Henderson [1965] 1 All E.R.
33.
Domicile Act 1982, s 9.
34.
Ibid, s10.
35.
Ibid, s3.
36.
Ibid, s10.
37.
The Saint-Germain – en-Laye Peace Treaty 1920. Treaty of Trianon 1921.
38.
Articles 4 & 5, Convention relating to the settlement of the conflicts between the law of nationality and the law of domicile was established in 1955, Hague Conference on Private International Law, http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.text&cid=35
39.
Ibid.
40.
Hague Conference on Private International Law, Status Table, http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.status&cid=35, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Spain.
41.
Cavers, D, (1972) Habitual Residence : A Useful Concept, The American University Law Review, Vol 21, 480–483.
42.
Ibid.
43.
Ibid.
44.
Ibid.
45.
Fawcett, F., Carruthers, J., North, P, (2008) Cheshire, North and Fawcett, Private International Law, fourth edition, Oxford University Press, 154–195.
46.
The Law Reform Commission, Domicile and Habitual Residence http://www.lawreform.ie/_fileupload/consultation%20papers/wpHabitualResidence.htm
47.
Ibid.
48.
Ibid.
49.
Case 90/97, Swaddling v Adjudication Officer [1999] ECR I-1075, 29. The case also referred to Case 76/76 Di Paolo v Officer of National de I’Emploi [1997] ECR 315 paragraphs 17 to 20.
50.
Case 90/97, Swaddling v Adjudication Officer [1999] ECR I-1075, 29. The case also referred to Case 76/76 Di Paolo v Officer of National de I’Emploi [1997] ECR 315 paragraphs 17 to 20.
51.
Article 2, Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001, on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, Official Journal of the European Union L 12/1.
52.
Ibid, article 2.
53.
Ibid.
54.
Council Regulation (EC) 44/2001, on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in Civil and Commercial matters, Official Journal of the European Union L 12.
55.
Stone, P, (2010) EU Private International Law, second Edit, Elgar European Law, 6.
56.
Wouters, J, (2010) Residence of Individuals in EU law, Institute for International Law, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Working Paper No. 148.
57.
Council Regulation 2201/2003 concerning jurisdiction and he recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, Official Journal of the European Union L 338.
58.
Ibid.
59.
Marinos v Marinos [2007] EWHC 2047 (Fam).
60.
Ibid.
61.
Ibid.
62.
Nessa v The Chief Adjudication Officer and Another [1999] UKHL 41; [1999] 4 All ER 677; [1999] 1 WLR 1937.
63.
Ibid.
64.
Bank of Dubai v Abbas [1997] ILPr 308.
65.
V v V [2011] EWHC 1190 (Fam).
66.
Hong Kong Law Reform Commission and the Consultation Paper on Rules for Determining Domicile, HKLRCCP, 12004, PARA 1.2.
67.
Cavers, D, (1971) Habitual Residence : A Useful Concept?, The American University Law Review, 476.
68.
Case – 523/07 Korkein hallinto-oikeus [2009], http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62007CJ0523:EN:HTML
69.
Ibid.
70.
Ibid.
71.
LK v Director-General, Department of Community Services [2008] FamCAFC 81 INCADAT HC/E/AU 995.
72.
Applegate v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1979) 9 ATR 899, 910–11, 79ATC 4307, 4317.
73.
Council Regulation (EC) 2201/2003, concerning the jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgements in international matters and the matters or parental responsibility, Official Journal of the European Union L 338.
74.
Article 35 & 36, The Private International Law and Procedures Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 56/99.
75.
Marriage Act 1961, Part VA – Recognition of foreign marriages,
76.
Ibid.
77.
Article 36 and 82, The Private International Law and Procedure Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 56/99.
78.
Article 23, Law on Marriage and Family Relations, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 69/2004.
79.
Family Law Act 1975, sections 90B, 90D, 90UB, 90UC, 90UD,
80.
Tratnik, M Unexpected Circumstances, Slovenian Report, University Maribor, www.unexpected-circumstances.org/Slovenian%20report.doc
81.
Article 39, The Private International Law and Procedures Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 56/99.
82.
Ibid, article 59.
83.
Ibid, article 58.
84.
Article 129, Notaries Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 2/2007.
85.
Family Law Act 1975, Section 39 (3). Article 37 The Private International Law and Procedures Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 56/99.
86.
Article 65, Marriage and Family Relations, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 69/2004.
87.
Family Law Act 1975, s48.
88.
Ibid.
89.
Ibid, article 37.
90.
Ibid.
91.
Family Law Act 1975, s104 (3).
92.
Article 37 The Private International Law and Procedures Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 56/99.
93.
Family Law Act 1975, s104, captures private international law regarding recognition of overseas decrees.
94.
Ibid.
95.
Marriage and Family Relations Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 15/76.
96.
Article 54, The Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, Official Gazette Republic of Slovenia Nos. 33/91-I, 42/97, 66/2000, 24/03, 69/04, 68/06, and 47/13.
97.
Article 42, Marriage and Family Relations Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 15/76.
98.
Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 15/76.
99.
Family Law Act 1975, ss70G and 70H.
100.
Ibid, s70J.
101.
Ibid, 70k.
102.
Article 73, The Private International Law and Procedures Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 56/99.
103.
Article 71, The Private International Law and Procedures Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 56/99.
104.
Ibid, article 72.
105.
Schedule 2 Child Support (Registration and Collection) Regulations 1988.
106.
Sections 4 and 18A Registration and Collection Act 1989, Regulation 4A Registration and Collection Regulations 1988.
107.
Child Support (Assessment) Act 1989, section 25A.
108.
Child Support (Assessment) Act 1989, section 25A.
109.
Ibid, Part 5.
110.
Ibid, s24.
111.
Registration and Collection Act 1989, section 4.
112.
Schedule 2 Child Support (Registration and Collection) Regulations 1988.
113.
Article 103 and 123 Marriage and Family Relations Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 69/2004.
114.
Article 50 and 81 Marriage and Family Relations Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 69/2004.
115.
Marriage and Family Relations Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 69/2004.
116.
The Hague Conference on Private International Law, http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.status&cid=131
117.
Child Support (Assessment) Act 1989, Child Support (Assessment) Regulations 1989, Child Support (Registration and Collection) Regulations 1988.
118.
Section 111, Family Law Act 1975 and Regulations 40 to 56 Family Law Regulations 1984. Marriage and Family Relations Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 69/2004.
119.
Convention on the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 268, p. 3, and vol. 649, p. 330.
120.
The Hague Conference on Private International Law, http://hcch.cloudapp.net/smartlets/sfjsp?interviewID=hcchcp2012&t_lang=en
121.
Child Support (Registration & Collection) Act 1988.
122.
Child Support (Registration & Collection) Act 1988, ss152(2) and 4(1),
123.
Article 74, The Private Internal Law and Procedure Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 56/99.
124.
Ibid.
125.
Child Support (Registration and Collection) Act 1988, Child Support (Assessment) Act 1989, Law on Marriage and Family Relations, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 69/2004.
126.
Child Support (Assessment) Act 1989, s151B.
127.
Article 18, The Private International Law and Procedures Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 56/99.
128.
Article 68, The Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, Official Gazette Republic of Slovenia Nos. 33/91-I, 42/97, 66/2000, 24/03, 69/04, 68/06, and 47/13.
129.
Foreign Investment Board, http://www.firb.gov.au/content/real_estate/real_estate.asp
130.
Legislation allows the government to acquire property such as for building roads and infrastructure.
131.
Victorian Legislation for the purchase and sale of property includes the Property Law Act 1958, Sale of Land Act 1962, Sale of Land Regulations 1962, Transfer of Land Act 1958, Transfer of Land (General) Regulations 2004, Trustees Act 1958.
132.
Transfer of Land Act 1958 (Victoria, Australia), s42.
133.
Breskar v Wall (1971) 126 CLR 376, 381.
134.
Law on Land Registry, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, 33/95. Law on Land Cadastre, Official Gazette of the Social Republic of Slovenia 16/74 and 42/86.
135.
Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act 1975, Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers regulations 1989, Foreign Takeovers Notices) Regulations 1975.
136.
Australian Government, Foreign Review Board, Guidance Note 3, Australia’s Foreign Investment Policy Residential Real Estates, http://www.firb.gov.au/content/guidance/downloads/gn3_jan2012.pdf
137.
Lewis v Balshaw (1935) 54 CLR 188 in Reid Mortensen, Richard Garnett, Mary Keyes, Private International Law in Australia, 2nd Edition, LexisNexis Butterworths, 2011, 520.
138.
Ibid.
139.
Pipon v Pipon (1744) Amb 25; 27 ER 14, in Reid Mortensen, Richard Garnett, Mary Keyes, Private International Law in Australia, 2nd Edition, LexisNexis Butterworths, 2011, 270–275.
140.
Section 18 Administration and Probate Act 1958. It is encouraged two executors are appointed in the event one dies. Wills Act 1997.
141.
Bremer v Freeman (1857) 10 Moo PC 306; 14 ER 508.
142.
Article 33, The Private International Law and Procedures Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 56/99.
143.
Article 32 & 33, The Private International Law and Procedures Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 56/99.
144.
Article 78, The Private International Law and Procedures Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 56/99.
145.
Article 81, The Private International Law and Procedures Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 56/99.
146.
Article 177, Inheritance Act, Official Gazette of the Republic of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, No. 15/76,
147.
The Hague Conference on Private International Law, http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.status&cid=62
148.
Article 1, Convention on the Law Applicable to Succession to Estates of Deceased Persons 1989,
149.
Wills Amendment (International Wills) Bill 2011, Explanatory Memorandum. The convention also came into force in Slovenia as a successor to the former YU. Slovenia and Australia are both signatories to The Hague Convention on the Conflict of Laws relating to the Form of Testamentary Dispositions 1961. Convention Providing a Uniform Law on the Form of International Will 1978. Note: dates of notification of succession to the Convention by former states of Yugoslavia including Slovenia, deposited and instrument of accession to the Convention on 9 August 1977.
150.
Australia and Slovenia have both ratified the Hague Convention on the Conflict of Laws relating to the Form of Testamentary Dispositions 1961.
151.
Ibid, article 1.
152.
Article 35, Law on Personal Income, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia 151/2006, income from employment is considered income received on the basis of past or current employment.
153.
Income Tax Assessment Act 1936, section 6, resident of Australia means a person who resides in Australia, a person whose domicile is in Australia unless determined by the Commissioner not to be, who as been in Australia continuously or intermittently, during more than one-half of the year of income. The Australian Tax Office (ATO) and courts have further expanded on this definition recognising specific principles that will apply to determining what constitutes residence being physical presence, family, employment or business ties, maintenance of a place of abode and assets, frequency, regulatory and duration of visit, habits and mode of life. However, the position is not clear in relation to where a person has been present in Australia for more than 6 months and a resident for the 183 day tests S19 85 ATC 225, in Paul Kenny, Australian Tax 2013, LexisNexis Butterworths, 2013, 88–99. Note: the scenario does not account for part stay and leaving the Australian territory, as certain other rules will apply.
154.
Article 6, Law on Personal Income, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No 151/2006, residency means officially registered permanent residence in Slovenia, resides outside of Slovenia for employment in diplomatic mission, consulate, international mission, permanent representation to the European Union, was resident in Slovenia during any period in the previous year and resides outside Slovenia for employment, has habitual residence or the centre of their personal and economic interests is in Slovenia, or time spent during the tax year is present in Slovenia for a total of more than 183 days.
155.
Ministry of Finance, Republic of Slovenia, Submission of tax returns, http://www.durs.gov.si/si/angleske_strani/faq/individuals/. Personal income tax returns are automatically generated and would be sent out by 15 June in any 1 year, these individuals have 15 days upon receipt to lodge a complain if they disagree with the data on their individual calculation.
156.
Australian Government, Australian Taxation Office, tax returns are lodged between 30 June and 31 October of each year, http://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Coming-to-Australia/Paying-tax-and-lodging-a-tax-return
157.
Pillay v Commissioner of Taxation [2013] AATA 447.
158.
Australia Rates of Income Tax as from 1 July 2012, personal income tax rates include 19% income from $18,201.00 to $37,000.00; 32.5% from $37,001.00 to $80,001.00; 37% from $80,001.00 to $180,000.00; 45% from $180,000.00 and over. However, there is a 30% taxable rate for dividends unless they have been franked, http://www.lowtax.net/lowtax/html/australia/australia_personal_taxation.asp
159.
Deloitte International Tax, Slovenia 2013 personal income tax rates, 16% up to €7814.04, 27% €18,534, 41% €69,312.96, 50% exceeding €69,312.96, http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-Global/Local%20Assets/Documents/Tax/Taxation%20and%20Investment%20Guides/2013/dttl_tax_highlight_2013_Slovenia.pdf. The rule change where other income has been sourced within or outside the state.

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Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Robert Walters

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Walters, R. (2020). Private International Law. In: National Identity and Social Cohesion in a Time of Geopolitical and Economic Tension: Australia – European Union – Slovenia . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2164-5_11

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2164-5_11
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