Abstract
The concept of [national] identity and social cohesion are important political concepts to a state and supranational polity. They provide a sense of belonging and inclusiveness to citizens. This chapter will highlight that national identity, social coherence and citizenship are contested concepts, which have evolved over centuries. Today, citizenship provides a legal status. Secondly, citizenship affords a citizen with rights, duties and privileges. Thirdly, citizenship provides the collective of self-governance and to be active participants in the political community. The challenges facing national identity and social cohesion are multilayered and complex that can be directed by politics and to a lesser extent citizenship, immigration, rights and private international law. Moreover, citizenship is a form of identity (collective identity) and social membership that contributes to national identity in different ways. Citizenship has for centuries been used to develop and strengthen a national identity. That identity has enabled empires, communist, socialists, totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic rulers in the modern day nation state to build a level of cohesion and social engineering.
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Notes
- 1.
Australian Human Rights Commission, The Challenge of Social Cohesion (2016), https://www.humanrights.gov.au/about/news/speeches/challenge-social-cohesion
- 2.
Organisation for Economic Development, Perspective on Global Development 2012: Social Cohesion In A Shifting World, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/persp_glob_dev-2012-en
- 3.
Ibid.
- 4.
Larsen, C, (2014) Social cohesion: Definition, measurement and developments, https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/egms/docs/2014/LarsenDevelopmentinsocialcohesion.pdf
- 5.
Ibid.
- 6.
Ibid.
- 7.
Ibid.
- 8.
Ibid.
- 9.
Ibid.
- 10.
Rupel, D, (2003) Between National and European Identity: A view from Slovenia, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol 16, No 2.
- 11.
Bosniak, L, (2000) Citizenship Denationalised (The State of Citizenship Symposium), Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol 7: Iss 2, 449.
- 12.
Bechhofer, F., McCrone, D, (2009) National Identity, Nationalism and Constitutional Change, Palgrave MacMillan, 1–5.
- 13.
Valentine Palmer, V, (2004) From Lerotholi to Lando: Some Examples of Comparative Law Methodology, Global Jurist Frontiers, Vol 4, 12–24.
- 14.
de Cruz, P, (1991) Comparative Law in a Changing World, Cavendish Publishing Limited, 213.
- 15.
Tetley W, QC, (1999) Mixed jurisdiction: common law vs civil law (codified and uncodified) (Part1), Unif. L. Rev, 591–617.
- 16.
Ibid.
- 17.
Ibid.
- 18.
Dennis, J, (1993) The John Tucker Lecture in Civil Law: Interpretation and application of the civil code and the evaluation of judicial precedent, Louisiana Law Review, 54:1.
- 19.
Ibid.
- 20.
Karen Knop, The Private Side of Citizenship, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, American Society of International Law, Vol. 101, 2007, 94–97.
- 21.
Ibid.
- 22.
Willem Maas, Multilevel Citizenship, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013, 200–202.
References
Bechhofer, F., & McCrone, D. (2009). National Identity, nationalism and constitutional change (pp. 1–5). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
de Cruz, P. (1991). Comparative law in a changing world (p. 213). London: Cavendish Publishing Limited.
Dennis, J. (1993). The John Tucker lecture in civil law: Interpretation and application of the civil code and the evaluation of judicial precedent. Louisiana Law Review, 54, 1.
Knop, K. (2007). The private side of citizenship. In Proceedings of the annual meeting, American Society of International Law, Vol. 101, pp. 94–97.
Maas, W. (2013). Multilevel citizenship (pp. 200–202). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Rupel, D. (2003). Between national and European identity: A view from Slovenia. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 16(2), 207–208.
Tetley, W. (1999). QC, Mixed jurisdiction: common law vs civil law (codified and uncodified) (Part 1). Uniform Law Review, 23, 591–617.
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Walters, R. (2020). Australia, European Union and Slovenia. In: National Identity and Social Cohesion in a Time of Geopolitical and Economic Tension: Australia – European Union – Slovenia . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2164-5_1
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