Abstract
Audio tagging aims to predict the types of sound events occurring in audio clips. Recently, the convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN) has achieved state-of-the-art performance in audio tagging. In CRNN, convolutional layers are applied on input audio features to extract high-level representations followed by recurrent layers. To better learn high-level representations of acoustic features, attention mechanisms were introduced to the convolutional layers of CRNN. Attention is a learning technique that could steer the model to information important to the task to obtain better performance. The two different attention mechanisms in the CRNN, the Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) block and gated linear unit (GLU), are based on a gating mechanism, but their concerns are different. To compare the performance of the SE block and GLU, we propose to use a CRNN with a SE block (SE-CRNN) and a CRNN with a GLU (GLU-CRNN) in weakly labeled audio tagging and compare these results with the CRNN baseline. The experiments show that the GLU-CRNN achieves an area under curve score of 0.877 in polyphonic audio tagging, outperforming the SE-CRNN of 0.865 and the CRNN baseline of 0.838. The results show that the performance of attention based on GLU is better than the performance of attention based on the SE block in CRNN for weakly labeled polyphonic audio tagging.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Xu Y, Kong Q, Wang W, Plumbley MD (2018) Large-scale weakly supervised audio classification using gatedconvolutional neural network. In: IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) 2018, Calgary Canada, 2018, (pp 121–125)
Stowell D, Giannoulis D, Benetos E, Lagrange M, Plumbley MD (2015) Detection and classification of acoustic scenes and events. IEEE Trans Multimed 17(10):1733–1746
Dimitrov S, Britz J, Brandherm B, Frey J (2014) Analyzing sounds of home environment for device recognition. In: European Conference on Ambient Intelligence, pp 1–16
Kumar A, Raj B (2016) Audio event detection using weakly labeled data. In: ACM on Multimedia Conference, pp 1038–1047
Mesaros A, Heittola T, Diment A, Elizalde B, Shah A, Vincent E, Raj B, Virtanen T (2017) DCASE 2017 challenge setup: Tasks, datasets and baseline system. In: Workshop on Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events (DCASE) 2017, Munich, Germany, 2017
Dauphin YN, Fan A, Auli M, Grangier D (2017) Language modeling with gated convolutional networks. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2017, pp 933–941
Hu J, Shen L, Sun G (2018) Squeeze-and-excitation networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 7132–7141
Mnih V, Heess N, Graves A (2014) Recurrent models of visual attention. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 2204–2212
Mesaros A, Heittola T, Eronen A, Virtanen T (2010) Acoustic event detection in real life recordings. In: European Signal Processing Conference. IEEE, pp 1267–1271
Lidy T, Schindler A (2016) CQT-based convolutional neural networks for audio scene classification: In: Proceedings of the detection and classification of acoustic scenes and events 2016 workshop 90:1032–1048
Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Hinton GE (2010) Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 1097–1105
Choi K, Fazekas G, Sandler M (2016) Automatic tagging using deep convolutional neural networks. In: arXiv preprint, arXiv:1606.00298
Itti L, Koch C, Niebur E (1998) A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis. In: IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, pp 1254–1259
Xu Y, Kong Q, Huang Q, Wang W, Plumbley MD (2017) Attention and localization based on a deep convolutional recurrent model for weakly supervised audio tagging. In: arXiv preprint, arXiv:1703.06052
Xu Y, Huang Q, Wang W, Foster P, Sigtia S, Jackson PJ, Plumbley MD (2017) Unsupervised feature learning based on deep models for environmental audio tagging. In: IEEE/ACM Transactions Audio, Speech, Language Process 25(6):1230–1241
Serizel R, Turpault N, Eghbal-Zadeh H (2018) Large-scale weakly labeled semi-supervised sound event detection in domestic environments. In Workshop on Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events (DCASE) 2018, November 2018, Surrey, UK
Mesaros A, Heittola T, Virtanen T (2016) Metrics for polyphonic sound event detection. Appl Sci 6(6):162
Hanley JA, McNeil BJ (1982) The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology 143(1):29–36
Acknowledgement
Qiuqiang Kong was supported by the China Scholarship Council (CSC) No. 201406150082.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Hou, Y., Kong, Q., Li, S. (2019). A Comparison of Attention Mechanisms of Convolutional Neural Network in Weakly Labeled Audio Tagging. In: Li, W., Li, S., Shao, X., Li, Z. (eds) Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Sound and Music Technology (CSMT). Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 568. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8707-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8707-4_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-8706-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-8707-4
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)