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Visual Defects and Ageing

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Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Ageing: Part II Clinical Science

Part of the book series: Subcellular Biochemistry ((SCBI,volume 91))

Abstract

Many diseases are related to age, among these neurodegeneration is particularly important. Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s and Glaucoma have many common pathogenic events including oxidative damage, Mitochondrial dysfunction, endothelial alterations and changes in the visual field. These are well known in the case of glaucoma, less in the case of neurodegeneration of the brain. Many other molecular aspects are common, such as the role of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy and neuronal apoptosis while others have been neglected due to lack of space such as inflammatory cytokine or miRNA. Moreover, the loss of specific neuronal populations, the induction of similar mechanisms of cell injury and the deposition of protein aggregates in specific anatomical areas are very similar events between these diseases. Intracellular and/or extracellular accumulation of protein aggregates is a key feature of many neurodegenerative disorders. The existence of abnormal protein aggregates has been documented in the RGCs of glaucomatous patients such as the anomalous Tau protein or the β-amyloid accumulations. Intra-cell catabolic processes also appear to be common in both glaucoma and neurodegeneration. They also help us to understand how the basis between these diseases is common and how the visual aspects can be a serious problem for those who are affected.

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Abbreviations

AC:

Anterior chamber

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

AF:

Actin microfilaments

AH:

Aqueous humour

AMD:

Age related macular degeneration

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

GSH:

Glutathione

IF:

Intermediate filaments

JCT:

Juxtacanalicular connective tissue

MT:

Microtubules

mtDNA:

Mitochondrial DNA

NO:

Nitric oxide

ONH:

Optic nerve head

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PKC:

Protein kinases

POAG:

Primary open-angle glaucoma

RGCs:

Retinal ganglion cells

RNFL:

Retinal nerve fibre layer

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SC:

Schlemm’s canal

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TM:

Trabecular meshwork

UPR:

Unfolded protein response

UV:

Ultraviolet rays

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Carmen Laethem for allowing us to publish her beautiful photograph of TM endothelial cells (Fig. 14.4).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Head/Neck Pathologies, St Martino Hospital, Ophthalmology Unit, Genoa, Italy

    Sergio Claudio Saccà & Tommaso Rossi

  2. Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Science, University of Genoa, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Eye Clinic Genoa, Genoa, Italy

    Carlo Alberto Cutolo

Authors
  1. Sergio Claudio Saccà
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  2. Carlo Alberto Cutolo
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  3. Tommaso Rossi
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Correspondence to Sergio Claudio Saccà .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Zoology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany

    J. Robin Harris

  2. Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    Viktor I. Korolchuk

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Saccà, S.C., Cutolo, C.A., Rossi, T. (2019). Visual Defects and Ageing. In: Harris, J., Korolchuk, V. (eds) Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Ageing: Part II Clinical Science. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 91. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3681-2_14

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