Abstract
In Flanders, an obligatory software tool (EPR) is used to assess the energy performance of new buildings offering a simplified procedure to estimate the energy use for heating. This calculation approach is based on the principle of multiplying the building’s heating demand with standardised (sub)system efficiencies. In this paper, the accuracy of this simplified approach is assessed for a traditional, hydronic heating system in non-residential buildings. To do so, integrated dynamic simulations are performed in TRNSYS for a series of building design variants with varying insulation quality, thermal capacity, window-to-wall ratio and orientation. From the integrated simulations, monthly subsystem efficiencies are deduced. Results show that the efficiencies are significantly influenced by the part load ratio. As however losses of efficiencies are noticed only in periods of low heat demands, the overall effect on the annual use is limited. Energy assessment by the simplified method is within an error of <2.5 kWh/(m2·a) or <10%. Therefore, the simplified approach as currently applied in the EPR calculation tool in Flanders is concluded to be suited for the calculation of the final energy use. An evaluation of tabulated values for the overall system efficiencies used in this simplified method is however recommended.
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Notes
- 1.
Flanders has a temperate maritime climate influenced by the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean with relatively moderate summers and mild winters. Moreover, schools are closed during July and August.
- 2.
An exhaust ventilation system, used for hygienic ventilation and passive cooling, is commonly found in contemporary Flemish schools (Wauman 2015) though is less typical for office buildings. Nevertheless, as the study focuses on heating systems (see Sect. 7.1) and a hydronic heating system with radiators is regularly found in office buildings, the same HVAC system is selected for both building typologies.
- 3.
Class rooms and canteens typically require high ventilation rates (see Table 7.4).
- 4.
The star temperature, as used in TRNSYS (Klein et al. 2010), is the weighted average of the zone air temperature and the surface temperatures of the walls surrounding the zone. This star temperature differs from the operative temperature, which also is a weighted average of the air and mean radiant temperature, but with the weighing factor set equal to 0.5.
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Wauman, B., Parys, W., Breesch, H., Saelens, D. (2019). Evaluation of a Simplified Calculation Approach for Final Heating Energy Use in Non-residential Buildings. In: Motoasca, E., Agarwal, A., Breesch, H. (eds) Energy Sustainability in Built and Urban Environments. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3284-5_7
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