Abstract
Urban planning decisions related to the urban form, built density and neighbourhood location may affect the sustainability of neighbourhoods to an important extent. This chapter investigates the influence of urban planning on the financial and environmental impact of neighbourhoods. A number of schematic neighbourhood models with various layouts and built densities are analysed using an integrated life cycle approach, combining Life Cycle Costing (LCC) and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (E-LCA). Furthermore, the influence of the neighbourhood location is assessed by comparing the impact of a rural and urban location. The results reveal substantial impact differences (up to 20–25%) between the neighbourhoods, showing the importance of good urban planning to decrease the financial and environmental impact of the built environment. The main reasons for these variations are the lower primary land use, lower energy use for heating and lower material use in high built-density neighbourhoods and compact buildings. Also, the neighbourhood location proved to be a key parameter to decrease the impact of user transport in neighbourhoods, with impact reductions up to 25–30% in an urban area.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The contributions to the environmental cost of primary land use are proportional to the land use surfaces as the same types of original land use (forest land) and neighbourhood land use (urban discontinuously built) are assumed for the buildings, road infrastructure and open spaces.
- 2.
The built density and neighbourhood location are not fully independent parameters as rural areas are mainly characterized by a low-built density and urban areas by a high-built density. It is therefore chosen to analyse the combined effect of both parameters.
References
Allacker K (2010) Sustainable building, the development of an evaluation method. PhD dissertation, KU Leuven
Allacker K, De Troyer F, Trigaux D et al (2013a) SuFiQuaD: sustainability, financial and quality evaluation of dwelling types. Belgian Science Policy (BELSPO), Brussels
Allacker K, Debacker W, Delem L et al (2013b) Environmental profile of building elements. OVAM, Mechelen
Allacker K, Souza DM de, Sala S (2014) Land use impact assessment in the construction sector: an analysis of LCIA models and case study application. Int J Life Cycle Assess 19:1799–1809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-014-0781-7
ASPEN (2015a) ASPENINDEX Regio België—Nieuwbouw (translated title: ASPENINDEX region Belgium—new construction). Antwerpen
ASPEN (2015b) ASPENINDEX Regio België—Ombouw (translated title: ASPENINDEX region Belgium—renovation). Antwerpen
Belgian Federal Government (2017a) Statistics Belgium—oil prices. http://statbel.fgov.be/nl/statistieken/cijfers/energie/prijzen/gemid_8/. Accessed 12 Mar 2017
Belgian Federal Government (2017b) Statistics Belgium—building land prices. http://statbel.fgov.be/nl/statistieken/cijfers/economie/bouw_industrie/vastgoed/gemiddelde_prijs_bouwgronden/. Accessed 12 Mar 2017
Berghauser Pont M, Haupt P (2010) Spacematrix. NAi Publishers, Rotterdam
CEN (2010) EN 15643-1 sustainability of construction works—sustainability assessment of buildings—part 1: general framework
CEN (2011) EN 15978 sustainability assessment of construction works—assessment of environmental performance of buildings—calculation method
CEN (2013) EN 15804:2012+A1 sustainability of construction works—environmental product declaration—core rules for the product category of construction products
CEN (2015) EN 16627 sustainability of construction works—assessment of economic performance of buildings—calculation methods
CREG (2015) Overzicht en evolutie van de elektriciteits- en aardgasprijzen voor residentiele klanten
De Nocker L, Debacker W (2015) Annex: update monetisation of the MMG method (2014). OVAM, Mechelen
Declercq K, Reumers S, Polders E, et al (2016) Onderzoek Verplaatsingsgedrag Vlaanderen 5.1 (2015–2016), Tabellenrapport (translated title: Research displacement behaviour in Flanders 5.1 (2015–2016), Tables report). Instituut voor Mobiliteit, Universiteit Hasselt, Diepenbeek
Delhaye E, De Ceuster G, Maerivoet S (2010) Internalisering van externe kosten van transport in Vlaanderen (translated title: Internalisation of external cost of transport in Flanders). VMM, Mechelen
Delhaye E, De Ceuster G, Vanhove F, Maerivoet S (2017) Internalisering van externe kosten van transport in Vlaanderen: actualisering 2016 (translated title: Internalisation of external cost of transport in Flanders: actualisation 2016). VMM, Aalst
EC-JRC (2011) International reference life cycle data system (ILCD). In: Handbook—recommendations based on existing environmental impact assessment models and factors for life cycle assessment in a European context. Joint Research Centre (JRC) of European Commission—Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES)
European Environment Agency (2006) Urban sprawl in Europe, the ignored challenge. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark
Feist W, Schnieders J, Loga T, et al (2001) Energiebilanzen mit dem Passivhaus Projektierungs Paket (translated title: Energy balance with the passive house project package). Darmstadt
Flemish Government (2011) Duurzame woningbouw—Vlaamse Maatstaf voor Duurzaam Wonen en Bouwen—versie 2.0 (translated title: Sustainable housing—Flemish tool for sustainable living and building—version 2.0). Departement Leefmilieu, Natuur en Energie (LNE)
Flemish Government (2016) Regional urban planning regulation on rainwater management. https://www.ruimtelijkeordening.be/Verordeningen/Hemelwater. Accessed 20 Aug 2017
Flemish Government (2017) EPB requirements. www.energiesparen.be/epb/welkeeisen. Accessed 20 Aug 2017
Frischknecht R, Jungbluth N, Althaus H et al (2007) Overview and methodology—final report ecoinvent data v2.0, no 1. ecoinvent Centre, Dübendorf
Ratti C, Baker N, Steemers K (2005) Energy consumption and urban texture. Energy Build 37:762–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.10.010
Salat S (2009) Energy loads, CO2 emissions and building stocks: morphologies, typologies, energy systems and behaviour. Build Res Inf 37:598–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210903162126
Spon press (2015a) Spon’s external works and landschape price book 2015, 34th edn. AECOM, London
Spon press (2015b) Spon’s civil engineering and highway works price book, 29th edn. AECOM, London
Trigaux D (2017) Elaboration of a sustainability assessment method for neighbourhoods. PhD dissertation, KU Leuven
Trigaux D, Allacker K, De Troyer F (2014a) Model for the environmental impact assessment of neighbourhoods. In: Passerini G, Brebia CA (eds) Environmental impact II. WIT Press, Ancona, Italy, pp 103–114
Trigaux D, Allacker K, De Troyer F (2014b) A simplified approach to integrate energy calculations in the life cycle assessment of neighbourhoods. In: Rawal R, Manu S, Khadpekar N (eds) Sustainable habitat for developing societies—book of abstracts. CEPT University Press, Ahmedabad, India, pp 55–55
Trigaux D, Oosterbosch B, Allacker K, De Troyer F (2015) A design tool to optimize solar gains and energy use in neighbourhoods. In: Cucinella M, Pentella G, Fagnani A, D’Ambrosio L (eds) Architectuur in (R)evolution—book of abstracts. Ass. Building Green Futures, Bologna, Italy, pp 305–305
Trigaux D, Allacker K, De Troyer F (2017a) Life cycle assessment of land use in neighborhoods. Procedia Environ Sci 38:595–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.133
Trigaux D, Oosterbosch B, De Troyer F, Allacker K (2017b) A design tool to assess the heating energy demand and the associated financial and environmental impact in neighbourhoods. Energy Build 152:516–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.07.057
VMM (2015) Gemiddelde waterprijs 2015. https://www.vmm.be/data/gemiddelde-waterprijs. Accessed 24 Jan 2017
Trimble Inc. (2017) SketchUp. www.sketchup.com. Accessed 21 Mar 2017
VEA (2013) Energieprestatiecertificaten voor bestaande residentiële gebouwen in Vlaanderen—Formulestructuur (translated title: Energy performance certificate for existing residential buildings in Flanders—formula structure)
VREG (2017) Electricity use of a household. www.vreg.be/nl/elektriciteitsverbruik-van-een-gezin. Accessed 28 Mar 2017
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Trigaux, D., Allacker, K., De Troyer, F. (2019). Modelling the Influence of Urban Planning on the Financial and Environmental Impact of Neighbourhoods. In: Motoasca, E., Agarwal, A., Breesch, H. (eds) Energy Sustainability in Built and Urban Environments. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3284-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3284-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3283-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3284-5
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)