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China’s Response to Protectionism: PPP Under “One Belt One Road”

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Abstract

The year of 2016 saw a rise in global protectionism, yet China, though its outbound investment surpassed its inbound investment, turning it into a major capital export country with a substantial amount of outbound investment in the form of infrastructure investment to the One Belt and One Road countries. In this regard, China is using a public and private partnership (PPP) model—a model that is rarely utilised in the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (B&R) countries, thus providing China with an opportunity to lead the harmonisation and modernisation of PPP laws. Moreover, China is developing its domestic legal institutions that are charged with enacting PPP laws and modernising PPP policymaking. This suggests that China may, at the same time, have the opportunity to facilitate the formation of a harmonised PPP legal regime in the B&R region, incorporating good governance and the principles of inclusivity and sustainable development, contributing to regional economic integration and providing a good example for international economic cooperation.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Larçon Jean-Paul (ed) (2017) The New Silk Road: China Meets Europe in the Baltic Sea Region: A Business Perspective. HEC, Paris.

  2. 2.

    In September 2015, China’s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), Foreign Ministry and Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) jointly announced that the official English expression of the initiative should be “the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road”, or simply “The Belt and Road” for short, abbreviated as ‘B&R’.

  3. 3.

    Asian Development Bank (2017) Meeting Asia’s Infrastructure Needs. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/227496/special-report-infrastructure.pdf. Accessed 15 Sep 2017.

  4. 4.

    Serebrisky T (2014) Sustainable Infrastructure for Competitiveness and Inclusive Growth: IDB Infrastructure Strategy. http://www20.iadb.org/intal/catalogo/PE/2014/14088en.pdf. Accessed 18 September 2017.

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    Flyvbjerg Bent, Mette K, Skamris Holm and Søren L. Buhl (2002) Underestimating Costs in Public Works Project: Error or Lie? Journal of the American Planning Association, 68(3): 279–295.

  6. 6.

    Since an increasing number of countries started to adopt accrual basis standard in government accounting, this advantage becomes less obvious.

  7. 7.

    Irwin Timothy C. Government Guarantees: Allocating and Valuing Risk in Privately Financed Infrastructure Projects, World Bank. Washington, D.C.

  8. 8.

    OECD (2007) OECD Principles for Private Sector Participation in Infrastructure, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264034105-en. Accessed 18 September 2017.

  9. 9.

    OECD (2012) Recommendation of the Council on Principles for Public Governance of Public-Private Partnerships, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://www.oecd.org/governance/budgeting/PPP-Recommendation.pdf. Accessed: 10 September 2017.

  10. 10.

    The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. How the ‘Belt and Road’ is boosting the global economy. http://www.scio.gov.cn/31773/35507/35520/Document/1539339/1539339.htm. Accessed 15 September 2017.

  11. 11.

    People’s Daily. “” (New Review: From “Open Reversely Compels Reform” to “Reform Stimulates Open”). p. 5, 12 Dec 2013. http://opinion.people.com.cn/n/2013/1212/c1003-23818100.html. Accessed 20 September 2017.

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    Ministry of Finance of PRC. (Notice on issuing the Interim Measures for the Fiscal Administration of PPP Projects). http://www.mof.gov.cn/pub/jinrongsi/zhengwuxinxi/zhengcefabu/201610/t20161020_2439665.html. Accessed 20 September 2017.

  13. 13.

    “Open Reversely Compels Reform” is one of the two major approaches China has implemented during its reforms in economy and governance, by introducing legal institutions with open international trade and commerce. Another approach is the internal reform, comparing to the external reform illustrated above.

  14. 14.

    Foster Vivien and Briceño-Garmendia Cecilia (2010) Africa’s Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation, World Bank, Washington, D.C. pp. 6–9, 65–86; and Inter-American Development Bank (2014) Sustainable infrastructure for competitiveness and inclusive growth: IDB Infrastructure Strategy, Washington, D.C.

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    OECD (2007) Infrastructure to 2030 Volume 2: Mapping Policy for Electricity, Water and Transport (French version: Les infrastructures à l’horizon 2030), Paris.

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    Flyvbjerg, supra note 5.

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    Flyvbjerg Bent, Mette K. Skamris Holm and Søren L. Buhl (2005). How (in)accurate are demand forecasts in public works projects? The case of transportation, In: Journal of the American Planning Association, 71(2): 131–146.

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Fu, H. (2019). China’s Response to Protectionism: PPP Under “One Belt One Road”. In: Corbin, L., Perry, M. (eds) Free Trade Agreements. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3038-4_5

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