Skip to main content

The River Guardian Program for Junior High Schools on the “River of Kings,” Thailand

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Learning Geography Beyond the Traditional Classroom

Abstract

A country’s main river is like the central bloodline sustaining the majority of people who live there. The Chao Phraya River is Thailand’s main river, running through Ayutthaya, Thonburi, and Rattanakosin or Bangkok, three important capital cities from the days of Siam to present-day Thailand. Over time, our relationship with this river has changed and our actions have degraded it. Pollution, canal building, and damming have contributed to ecosystem changes. The best way to try to conserve our main river is to enable new generations to learn about and to love their own resource. With this desire in mind, the River Guardians Project was created. The River Guardians Project is one of the programs administered by Traidhos Three Generation Barge Program (http://barge.threegeneration.org/), working in the field of education for sustainability at different locations in Thailand. A group of five Thailand government junior high schools (M1-M3 level, or 13–15-year-olds) in Bangkok were identified and trained to test the water quality in their section of the river, going from near the city boundary, downstream, to the heart of the city. Dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), E. coli, nitrate (N), phosphate (P), pH, water temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity were analyzed as representative parameters for the quality of the river in this research. Trends in water quality were observed particularly in relation to local land use patterns. Although coordination with the schools at times can be challenging, overall the teachers felt that the students have benefited from the experience academically and it has given them an appreciation for the connection of water and community. The Education for Sustainable Development philosophy behind the program, the logistics of creating the program, water quality testing results, and lessons learned are presented in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Public Health Association (APHA). (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (21th ed.). Washington, DC, USA: American Public Health Association (APHA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhargava, D. S. (1983). Use of a water quality index for river classification and zoning of Ganga River. Environmental Pollution (Series B), 6, 51–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bordalo, A. A., Nilsumranchit, W., & Chalermwat, K. (2001). Water quality and uses of the Bangpakong River (Eastern Thailand). Water Research, 35(15), 3635–3642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, A., Maguire, S., Martin, A., Milsom, C., Nash, R., Rawlinson, S., et al. (2007). Fieldwork is good: The student perception and the affective domain. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 31(2), 299–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. M., McClelland, N. I., Deininger, R. A., & Tozer, R. G. (1970). A water quality index—do we dare? Water and Sewage Works, 117, 339–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brundiers, K., Wiek, A., & Redman, C. L. (2010). Real-world learning opportunities in sustainability: from classroom into the real world. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 11(4), 308–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cude, C. G. (2001). Oregon water quality index: A tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 37(1), 125–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Haan, G. (2006). The BLK ‘21’ programme in Germany: a ‘Gestaltungskompetenz’-based model for Education for Sustainable Development. Environmental Education Research, 12(1), 19–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dojlido, J., Raniszewski, J., & Woyciechowska, J. (1994). Water quality index—application for rivers in Vistula River Basin in Poland. Water Science and Technology, 30(10), 57–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dummer, T. J., Cook, I. G., Parker, S. L., Barrett, G. A., & Hull, A. P. (2008). Promoting and assessing ‘deep learning’in geography fieldwork: An evaluation of reflective field diaries. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 32(3), 459–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). (2016). AQUASTAT main country database. Retrieved February 24, 2016, from AQUASTAT: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/dbase/index.stm.

  • Gilbert, T. W., Behymer, T. D., & Castañeda, H. B. (1982). Determination of dissolved oxygen in natural and wastewaters. American Laboratory, 14(3), 119–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haigh, M. J. (2006). Promoting environmental education for sustainable development: The value of links between higher education and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 30(2), 327–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • House, M. A., & Ellis, J. B. (1987). The development of water quality indices for operational management. Water Science and Technology, 19(9), 145–154. Retrieved November 19, 2012, from http://www.watersfoundation.org.

  • Irvine, K. N., Rossi, M. C., Vermette, S., Bakert, J., & Kleinfelder, K. (2011). Illicit discharge connection and elimination: Low cost options for source identification and trackdown in stormwater systems. Urban Water Journal, 8(6), 379–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jickling, B. (1994). Why I Don't Want My Children to Be Educated for Sustainable Development. Trumpeter, 11(3), 114–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kern, E. L., & Carpenter, J. R. (1984). Enhancement of student values, interests and attitudes in Earth Science through a field-oriented approach. Journal of Geological Education, 32(5), 299–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Komori, D., Nakamura, S., Kiguchi, M., Nishijima, A., Yamazaki, D., Suzuki, S., ... & Oki, T. (2012). Characteristics of the 2011 Chao Phraya River flood in Central Thailand. Hydrological Research Letters, 6, 41–46. Published online in J-STAGE http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/HRL, https://doi.org/10.3178/hrl.6.41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lok, J. J. (2014). Comparison of water quality test kits (LaMotte, CHEMetrics and Test Strips) at Bishan Park and Kallang River Canal (41 p). AAG401 Undergraduate Final Year Project Report, National Institute of Education, Singapore.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuinness, M., & Simm, D. (2005). Going global? Long-haul fieldwork in undergraduate geography. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 29(2), 241–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, M. K., & Stapp, W. B. (1995). Field manual for water quality monitoring an environmental education program for schools (9th ed.). Ann Arbor, MI: Green Project.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mogensen, F., & Schnack, K. (2010). The action competence approach and the ‘new’ discourses of education for sustainable development, competence and quality criteria. Environmental Education Research, 16(1), 59–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2016). Nakhon Sawan Gauging Station data summary. Retrieved February 24, 2016, from Earth Data: http://daac.ornl.gov/rivdis/STATIONS/TEXT/THAILAND/888/SUMMARY.HTML.

  • Ng, Y. W. A. (2014). Evaluation and comparison of water quality test kits for the purposeful use in the lower secondary geography syllabus in Singapore (75 p). AAG401 Undergraduate Final Year Project Report, National Institute of Education, Singapore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ongsakul, R., & Sajor, E. E. (2006, November). Water governance in mixed land use: a case study of Rangsit Field, peri-urban Bangkok. In proceedings of the Regional Conference on Urban Water and Sanitation in Southeast Asian Cities, AIT (pp. 329–340).

    Google Scholar 

  • Patarasiriwong, V. (2000). Water quality of the Rangsit Prayoonsak Canal. Kasetsart Journal (Social Sciences), 21, 109–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pesce, S. F., & Wunderlin, D. A. (2000). Use of water quality indices to verify the impact of Cordoba City (Argentina) on Suquia River. Water Research, 34(11), 2915–2926.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price, J., Chaosakul, T., Surinkul, N., Bowles, J., Rattanakul, S., Pradhan, N., et al. (2011, December). Surface water quality and risk analysis in a peri-urban area, Thailand. In proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Southeast Asian Water Environment, Bangkok, Thailand (pp. 399–406).

    Google Scholar 

  • Prüss‐Ustün, A., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Colford, J. M., Cumming, O., Curtis, V., ... & Freeman, M. C. (2014). Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low‐and middle‐income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 19(8), 894–905.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, A. (1990). An “age of commerce” in Southeast Asian history. Modern Asian Studies, 24(1), 1–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simachaya, W. (2003, November). A decade of water quality monitoring in Thailand’s four major rivers: The results and implications for management. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas, Bangkok, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitthithanyakij, P. (2012). Chao Praya River Legend, Thailand. Siam Knowledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. (1999). Changing fieldwork objectives and constraints in secondary schools in England. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 8(2), 181–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steele R. (2011). Becoming a compass school, train the trainer handbook.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suwanarit, A. (2012). Building living landscapes—Future developments must respect nature. Asia-Pacific Housing Journal, 6(18), 17–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilbury, D. (2011). Higher education for sustainability: A global overview of commitment and progress. Higher Education in the World, 4, 18–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilbury, D., & Wortman, D. (2008). How is community education contributing to sustainability practice? Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 7(3), 83–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiptus, P. (2000). Settlement in the Central Region of Thailand. In Proceedings of the International Conference: The Chao Phraya Delta: Historical Development, Dynamics and Challenges of Thailand’s Rice Bowl, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO. (2011). Education for sustainable development. UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005–2014. UNESCO

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO. (2006). Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand. Retrieved February 24, 2016, from World Water Assessment Programme: http://webworld.unesco.org/water/wwap/case_studies/chao_phraya/chao_phraya.pdf.

  • United Nations University. (2016). Integrated water resources management. Retrieved February 24, 2016, from UN Water Learning Centre: (http://ocw.unu.edu/international-network-on-water-environment-and-health/introduction-to-iwrm/introduction-to-iwrm.zip/view.

  • Vare, P., & Scott, W. (2007). Learning for a change exploring the relationship between education and sustainable development. Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 1(2), 191–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venkataraman, B. (2009). Education for sustainable development. Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 51(2), 8–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villiers, J. (1999). Portuguese and Spanish sources for the history of Ayutthaya in the sixteenth century. Journal of the Siam Society, 86(Parts 1 and 2), 119–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wals, A. E. J., & Kieft, G. (2010). Education for sustainable development research overview. SIDA Review 2010:13. Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters Foundation. (2016). Systems thinking in schools. Retrieved February 24, 2016, from Waters Foundation: http://watersfoundation.org/.

  • Wills, M., & Irvine, K. N. (1996). Application of the National Sanitation Foundation water quality index to the Cazenovia Creek pilot watershed management study. Middle States Geographer, 29, 95–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • น. ณ ปากน้ า (1989). แบบแผนบานเรื อนในสยาม. (10–13). Thailand. Aksornsumpun Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). From One Earth to One World: An Overview. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express our sincere gratitude and deep appreciation to Mr. Ted Turkle for his vision in initiating and supporting this program through the SUNY Research Foundation. Special thanks to Mr. Kim Irvine to inspire me to work on this project. Furthermore, we would like to thank teachers and students from all the project schools who always worked hard to get the test result and for their warm coordination. I also would love to thank Lynda Rolph who supported me throughout this project. Finally, I also would like to thank all those who have been a part of this research who have not been mentioned.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Supitcha Kiatprajak or Lynda Rolph .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kiatprajak, S., Rolph, L. (2018). The River Guardian Program for Junior High Schools on the “River of Kings,” Thailand. In: Chang, CH., Wu, B., Seow, T., Irvine, K. (eds) Learning Geography Beyond the Traditional Classroom. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8705-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8705-9_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-8704-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-8705-9

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics