Abstract
This chapter will examine the interactions between social harmony and historical memory and how Confucian values shape education, focusing on the ways in which the governing politics of Mainland China have handled diversity in music education in the context of the globally oriented economics of China today. The introduction of Confucian education can be viewed, to a large extent, as illuminating some form of ideological justification in national education and music education. Through song teaching in music education, despite different focuses and dimensions, the Chinese Government has adopted the pragmatic Confucian doctrine of education, including love for the homeland, praise of parenthood, and recognition of individuals’ responsibilities to the nation, to family, and to themselves, to consolidate state power.
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Notes
- 1.
The great body of Confucian thinking is found in the classic texts, which are groups of works by various authors. The Four Books is an abbreviation for The Books of the Four Philosophies: Lunyu (Digested Conversations), Da Xue (Great Learning), Zhong Yung (Doctrine of the Mean), and Mencius (a collection of anecdotes and conversations by Mencius on topics in moral and political philosophy, often with the rulers of his time). In contrast to the sayings of Confucius , which are short and self-contained, Mencius is composed of long dialogues with extensive prose.
- 2.
The Five Classics includes Shijing (Classic of Songs), Shuji (Classic of Documents), Yijing (Classic of Changes), Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn Annals), and the Lijing (Classic of Rites). The sixth classic, the Yue jing (Classic of Music) was considered one of the important primary sources for early attitudes toward music. This text on music was believed to be as important as the Classic of Rites and the primary source of ancient Chinese musical thinking (Kaufmann, 1976; Wang, 1971). However, it is thought that when the first Qin emperor in the third-century BC burned all the books, the Yueji was lost (Dawson, 1981, pp. 2–3; Legge, 1971, pp. 1–3).
- 3.
Lao-Tze is also a deity in religious Taoism and traditional Chinese religions. He is best known as the author of the Daodejing (a classical Chinese text that can be roughly translated as “the way of integrity”).
- 4.
Mencius’s father died when he was very young, and his mother raised him alone. One of the most famous traditional four-character Chinese idioms is “mengmu-sanqian” (literally, “Mencius’s mother, three moves”), which refers to Mencius’s mother changing her residence three times before finding a good location that she felt was suitable for her son’s upbringing. Thus, the expression of the idiom refers to the importance of finding the proper environment for raising children.
- 5.
“Yue Lun ” is a chapter found in the Xunzi. Xunzi (also known as “Master Xun” or more widely known as Xun Kuang) considered himself a follower of Confucius and was one of the early central figures of Confucian philosophers during the classical period in China.
- 6.
Chen Duxiu (1879–1942) was a Chinese revolutionary socialist, educator, and intellectual who cofounded the CPC with Li Dazhao (1888–1927) in 1921. The Xin Qingnian (New Youth), the principal journal of the new Western-oriented literary and cultural movements, was a periodical published by Chen Duxiu in Shanghai. Its first issue came out on September 15, 1915, with the title Qingnian Zazhi (Youth Magazine). Influenced by the Western philosophy of the state and society, Chen Duxiu and the authors advocated the two major objectives of “democracy” (minzhu) and “science” (kexue) to change traditional China. Chen served as the first General Secretary of the CPC in 1921, but he was removed from the position in 1927 and was expelled from the Party in 1929. Li Dazhao was the cofounder of the CPC and mentor of Mao Zedong . In 1918, he was appointed as the chief librarian of Peking University and was among the first of the Chinese intellectuals who supported the Bolshevik Government in the USSR. Hu Shih (1891–1962) was an influential Chinese philosopher, diplomat, and writer. In 1910, Hu was sent as a “national scholar” to study in the United States, where he came under the influence of John Dewey, a great supporter of pragmatism. Hu returned to China in 1917 and was influential in the May Fourth Movement and later in the New Culture Movement, and he served as president of Peking University. Hu is widely recognized as being a key contributor to Chinese liberalism and language reform in his promotion of the use of vernacular Chinese literature, instead of the classical Chinese that had been in use for centuries.
- 7.
Lin Biao (1907–1971) joined the Socialist Youth League when he was 18. He won his military engagements in the communist victory in the Chinese Civil War of 1946–1949. He was widely acclaimed in China’s press as “Chairman Mao’s closest comrade-in-arms.” When China’s Constitution was adopted in 1969, Lin was designated as Mao’s eventual heir as party chairman. However, Lin disappeared in 1971. Chinese authorities reported that Lin had died in an airplane crash in Mongolia after his plot to assassinate Chairman Mao failed.
- 8.
“Forever Friends” was one of the theme songs of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. This official music video was shot on location at Beijing’s Temple of Heaven. The video can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPWgnssnxUc (Retrieved on December 11, 2017).
- 9.
The music video with English subtitles can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XbIZqg4v7w (Retrieved on December 11, 2017).
- 10.
The music video can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rC0w7-RWm_U (Retrieved on December 11, 2017).
- 11.
The music video can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3lbKuFt5nI (Retrieved on Deccember 11, 2017).
- 12.
“Moon River” received an Academy Award for Best Original Song. It was performed by Audrey Hepburn in the movie Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1961).
- 13.
A series of violent riots broke out in a large market area in Urumqi on July 5, 2009. Two days later, thousands of young Han Chinese fought back against the attacks by Uyghurs on a large scale. In this event, 197 people died (mostly Han), more than 1700 people were injured, and many buildings and vehicles were destroyed.
- 14.
Yang Liping won her first prize at a national dance competition in 1986 with her solo performance of Spirit of Peacock. Since then, she has been creating ripples in the dance world. Debuting in 2003, Dynamic Yunnan was the first of her original ethnic dance repertories. To create Dynamic Yunnan, Yang traveled to 26 ethnic minority tribes in Yunnan and spent about a year watching different dances and learning and recording local songs and then selected about 60 peasants who were talented in singing and dancing to perform (Jiang, 2010).
- 15.
The New Year’s Gala (also known as the Spring Festival Gala and commonly abbreviated in Chinese as Chunwan) is a Chinese New Year special produced by CCTV . This variety show often highlights comedy, dance, drama, and musical performances. The first CCTV New Year’s Gala was presented in 1983, which was believed to be the successor to Beijing television’s irregular New Year’s Eve broadcasts that dated back to 1956.
- 16.
Peng Liyuan is a native of Yincheng County, Shandong Province. She joined the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in 1980 when she was 18 years old and started as an ordinary soldier. Now she is the president of the People’s Liberation Army Academy of Art . Consequently, due to her vocal talent, she started performing at PLA performances to boost troop morale. She is regarded as one of the first in China to obtain a master’s degree in traditional ethnic music when the degree was first run in the 1980s (China.org.cn, February 15, 2012).
- 17.
Song Zuying (the most famous soprano in China) studied at the Department of Music and Dance in the Central Institute for Nationalities in Beijing, after which she studied at the China Music College. Her first appearance on stage was during CCTV ’s Spring Festival Gala in 2003. She joined the CPC in 1999 and was a deputy representative at the 9th National People’s Congress from 1998 to 2003 and then a member of the 10th, 11th, and 12th Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference from 2003 onward.
- 18.
“Jasmine Flower ” is a very popular Chinese folk song that dates back to the eighteenth century. It has been used during Chinese national events, such as the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the 2010 Shanghai Expo opening ceremony. When China regained its political sovereignty of Hong Kong and Macau in 1997 and 1999, respectively, this music was played during the ceremonies.
- 19.
Han Hong is a singer and songwriter of mixed Tibetan and Han ethnicity. She is regarded as one of the most famous and popular Chinese female artists who specializes in a variety of Chinese folk music. Most of her works reflect Tibetan culture, but she also adopts other musical styles such as jazz , rock and roll, and Latin music in her musical works. The song “Heavenly Road” was composed and recorded specially to mark the opening of the Qingzang Railway to Lhasa on July 1, 2006. The Qingzang Railway (also known as the Qinghai-Tibet Railway) is a high-altitude railroad that connects Xining , Qinghai Province , to Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region , in China.
- 20.
The Qin (commonly known as guqin in the present day) is a fretless Chinese board zither with seven strings. The strings are plucked by the right-hand fingers, while the left-hand fingers stop the strings at desired places. The Se is also a Chinese plucked string instrument, with a range of 25–50 strings, moveable bridges, and a range of up to five octaves.
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Ho, WC. (2018). The Confucian Value of Harmony in Music Education in Relation to Songs. In: Culture, Music Education, and the Chinese Dream in Mainland China. Cultural Studies and Transdisciplinarity in Education, vol 7. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7533-9_5
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