Skip to main content

Business and Strategy Via Integration of Enterprise Risk Management: Air Transportation Case Study

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Corporate Risk Management for International Business

Abstract

Business management requires both holistic and tailored strategy for every business since every corporation has its own unique characteristics and qualifications. Different qualifications create different risks, and different risks require customized approaches by managers. Air transport has always been seen as having an inherently strategic role. It has obvious direct military applications, but it is also highly visible and, for a period—and in some countries still—is viewed as a flag carrier, a symbol of international commercial presence. Air transportation is a key strategic asset in that it provides access to markets and thereby enables the economic development of nations and regions. However, the airline industry is exposed to risk which may affect operations, customers, corporate value, security, and safety. Risk can also be introduced to an enterprise through air transportation industry-based and organization-based changes, each of which may also bring changes in the type of risk. These present and emerging risks are the main reason for growing importance of enterprise risk management implementation in the airlines. The study begins with a definition of business , international business, and multinational enterprises . Following, international business history, its importance, characteristics, benefits, and problems are explained. In the second chapter, risk, risk management, and enterprise risk management are explained, followed by risks related to the airline industry in this study.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Business Studies, Business Around us. doi: 10.01.2016 from https://www.academia.edu/10426875/MODULE_-3_Business_Around_Us_Notes.

  2. 2.

    See Footnote 1.

  3. 3.

    Economic Decision Making, doi: 13.01.2016 from http://www.pearsoned.ca/highered/divisions/virtual_tours/jones-fa/jones_finac_ce_ch02.pdf.

  4. 4.

    See Footnote 1.

  5. 5.

    A guide to customs import procedures. (2015). doi: 12.01.2016. from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:9zHrykWbwWoJ:www.revenue.ie/en/customs/leaflets/import-procedures-guide.pdf+&cd=4&hl=tr&ct=clnk&gl=tr.

  6. 6.

    A guide to customs export procedures. (2015). doi:12.01.2016 from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:QtWmvBi0CsUJ:www.revenue.ie/en/customs/leaflets/export-procedures-guide.pdf+&cd=3&hl=tr&ct=clnk&gl=tr.

  7. 7.

    Business culture in Turkey. (2013). doi:14.01.2016. from http://businessculture.org/western-euorpe/business -culture-in-turkey/.

  8. 8.

    Culture and International Business : A conceptual Approach. doi:14.01.2016 from http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205645283.pdf.

References

  • Ahmad, S., Ng, C., Mcmanus, L. A. (2014). Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) implementation: Some empirical evidence from large Australian companies. International Conference on Accounting Studies Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajami, R. A., Cool, K., & Goddard, G. J. (2006). International business: Theory and practice. Armonk, Newyork: M.E. Sharpe Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arena, M., Arnaboldi, M., & Azzone, G. (2010). The organizational dynamics of enterprise risk management. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(7), 659–675.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arunkumar, R., & Kotreshwar, G. (2005). Risk management in commercial banks (A case study of public and private sector banks). SSRN eLibrary. Accessed at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=877812

  • Aven, T., & Vinnem, J. E. (2007). Risk management with applications from the offshore petroleum industry. London: Business Media.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aven, T. (2016). Risk assessment and risk management: Review of recent advances on their foundation. European Journal of Operational Research, 5(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azevedo, G., & Bertrand, H. (2000). From multinational to global companies: identifying the dimensions of the change. In 12th Sase Annual Meeting, Conference On-Line Proceedings. London: Sase.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, D. A., Wendell, H., & McCulloch, J. (1993). International business: Introduction and essentials. Boston: Arwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks, E., & Dunn, R. (2003). Practical risk management. An executive guide to avoiding surprises and losses. West Sussex: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beans, K. M. (2010). Risk management after crisis. The Journal of Enterprise Management. 1–24. Retrieved at April 27, 2017 from https://cms.rmau.org/uploadedFiles/Credit_Risk/Library/RMA_Journal/Enterprise_Wide_Risk_Management/Risk%20Management%20after%20the%20Crisis.pdf.

  • Beasley, M. S., Clune, R., & Hermanson, D. R. (2005). Enterprise risk management: An empirical analysis of factors associated with the extent of implementation. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 24(6), 521–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, P. L. (1996). Against the gods: The remarkable story of risk. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, A. (2014). Main types of business risk. Accessed at: http://business.tutsplus.com/tutorials/the-main-types-of-business-risk--cms-22693

  • Blajut, L. P. (2015). The multinational companies investments in central and Eastern European Union. International conference on communication, management and information technology. Procedia Computer Science, 65, 1134–1139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boghean, F. (2015). Risk management in decision-making of romanian entities business studies. Business Around us Procedia Economics and Finance, 32, 1066–1074.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bromiley, P., Nair, A., & Rustambekov, E. (2015). Enterprise risk management: Review, critique, and research directions. Long Range Plannig, 48(4), 265–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowling, D., Julien, F., & Rieger, L. (2003). Taking the enterprise risk management. Journey Bank Accounting & Finance, 16(2), 16–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Business Week. (2003). Happy birtday. Nafta on December 9, 2015. Accessed at http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2003-12-21/happy-birthday-nafta

  • Carter, D. A., Rogers, B., & Simkins, J. (2006). Does hedging affect firm value? Evidence from the US airline industry. Financial Management, 35(1), 53–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavusgil, T., Knight, G., Reisenberger, J., Rammal, H., & ve Rose, E. (2015). International business: The new realities (2nd ed.). Australia: Copyright Agency Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chand, S. (2014). Macro environment of business: Economic environment and non-economic environment. Accessed at: http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/business/macro-environment-of-business-economic-environment-and-non-economic-environment/23373/

  • Chibba, M. (2012). Global business: Origins, viewpoints and six cornerstones. Global Policy Essay, 1–8. Accessed at: http://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Chiba%20-%20Global%20Business%2009.12.pdf

  • Christopher, E. (2012). International management: Explorations across cultures. ISBN-13: 978-0749465285. United States: Kogan Page Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier, P. M. (2009). Fundamentals of risk management for accountants and managers. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colin Xu, L. (2010). The effects of business environments on development: Surveying new firm-level evidence. Policy Research Working Paper, 5402 World Bank, Development Research Group, Finance and Private Sector Development Team.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, L. L., & Warren, E. K. (1983). International business and multinational enterprises. Illinois: Richard Arwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, İ., & Monfett, M. (2008). International business (7th ed.). Singapore: Cengage Learning Asia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Çavuşgil, T., Knight, G., Reisenberger, J. R. (2012). International Business: The New Realities, 2nd ed. Pearson Higher Education AU.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dale, F. C. (2007). Tutorial notes: The Autralian and New Zealand standard on risk management, AS/NZS 4360:2004 (pp. 41, 42). Australia: Broadleaf Capital International Pty Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darcy, S. P. (2001). Enterprises risk management. Journal of Risk Management of Korea, 12(1), 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewan, J. M., & Sudarshan, K. N. (1996). International business management. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dionne, G. (2013). Risk management: History, definition and critique. Accessed to: http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=076096124100087116077104095088097089121045061078028062023071095075002120064106092110039054098101105044027112118113080101080083010025046038052093029122123121118037053040017115090005123027006096030119024087092000111101000000004124016092005021004066&EXT=pdf

  • Dinu, A. (2012). Risk types in international business relations. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences. 2(1), 89–95. From http://www.hrmars.com/admin/pics/1013.pdf

  • Dlabay, L. R., & Scoot, J. C. (2001). International business. Cincinnati: Southwestern.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dragon, J., & Emeksiz, S. (2012). Energy Challenges and risk management for transportation sector in maritime industry (December 8, 2012). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2350786 OR http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2350786

  • Drogan, P., & Kot, S. (2015). Business risk management in international corporation. Procedia Economics and Finance, 27, 102–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty, N. A. (2000). Corporate risk management. USA: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duning, J. H., & Lundan, S. M. (2008). Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Everard, E. E., & Burrow, J. L. (1996). Business principle and management. California: South-Western Educational Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadun, O. S. (2013). Risk management and risk management failure: Lessons for business enterprises. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(2), 225–239. ISSN: 2222-6990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faria, A., & Guedes, A. (2009). What is international management? A critical analysis. Stream 3: Critical Perspectives on International Business, 1–14. Accessed at: https://is.muni.cz/el/1456/jaro2009/PHMM/7421513/International_management.pdf

  • Fayerweather, S. J. (1969). International business management: A conceptual framework. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feodor, M., Kolesnikova, J., & Eldar, S. (2014). Current tendencies of the development of service of human resources management. 10th international strategic management conference. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 330–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Genovese, M. (2014). Overview of aviation risks. On December 20, 2015. Accessed at http://www.ferma.eu/blog/2014/05/overview-aviation-risks/

  • Gordon, L. A., Loeb, M. P., & Tseng, C. Y. (2009). Enterprise risk management and firm performance: A contingency perspective. Journel Account Public Policies, 28, 301–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, P. E. J. (2015). Enterprise risk management. Tokyo: Butterworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, R., & Pustsy, M. (2003). İnternational business (3rd ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, P. (1998). Risk-based auditing. Aldershot, England: Gower Publishing Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grübler, A., Nakicenovic, N., & Nordhaus, W. D. (2002). Technology change and the environment. Handbook of Environmental Economics, 1, 461–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Güneş, O. (2012). The use of entry modes in ınternational business the acquisition of petrol ofisi. England: Unıversity of Essex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamel, G. (2014). Macro vs. Micro risk management. Accessed at: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/macro-vs-micro-risk-management-32620.html

  • Hampton, J. J. (2009). Fundamentals of enterprise risk management: How top companies assess risk, manage exposure, and seize opportunity. Saranac Lake, USA: Amacom Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, J. S. (2009). International business, managing globalization. California: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO 31000. (2009). Risk management principles and guidelines. On December 31, 2015. Accessed at http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso31000.htm

  • Ivancevich, J. M., & Duening, T. N. (2004). Business; principles, guidelines, and prictices. Cincinnati: Atomic Dog Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain, T., Trehan, M., & Trehan, R. (2008). Business environment. Delhi: V K Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain, T. R., & Ohri, et.al. (2007). Development economics. Delhi: V.K Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleffner, A. E., Lee, R. B., & McGanon, B. (2003). The effect of corporate governance on the use of enterprises risk management: Evidence from Canada. Risk Management and Insurance Review, 6(1), 53–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pooser, D. M., & McCullough, K. A. (2012). ERM determinants, use, and effects on the firm (p. 2). http://www.aria.org/meetings/2012%20Meetings/2-ERM%20Determinants,%20Use,%20and%20Effects%20on%20the%20Firm.pdf

  • Kobbacy, K. H., & Murthy, D. P. (2008). Complex system maintenance handbook. London: Verlag London Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobrin, S. (2008). Globalization,transnational corporations and the future of global governance, chapter 12. In A. G. Scherer & G. Palazzo (Eds.), Handbook of research on global corporate citizenship. Cheltenham, UK, and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Forthcoming.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, A. A. (2001). Multinational corporations. On December 08, 2015. Accessed at https://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/bkogut/files/Chapter_in_smelser-Baltes_2001.pdf

  • Lendzion, J. P. (2015). Human resources management in the system of organizational knowledge management. In 6th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2015) and the Affiliated Conferences, AHFE 2015, Procedia manufacturing 3, 674–680. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.303

  • Lennon, N. J. (2007). Enterprise risk management incentives and practices in three danish companies (master thesis). University of Aarhus, Aarhus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Y. H., & Chang, Y. H. (2008). Significant factors of aviation insurance and risk management strategy: An empirical study of taiwanese airline carriers. Risk Analysis, 28(2), 45–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindseth, P. (2015). Supranational organizations. Accessed at: http://eutopialaw.com/tag/peter-lindseth/

  • Marchetti, A. M., & Wiley, C. (2011). Enterprise risk management best practices: From assessment to ongoing compliance. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K. D. (1993). A framework for integrated risk management in international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(2), 311–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mirze, S. K. (2002). Introduction to business. İstanbul: Nobel Matbaacılık.

    Google Scholar 

  • Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. (2011). World bank and political risk. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muscalu, E., & Muntean, S. N. (2014). Aspects regarding human resources management streamlining within national and international organizations. Procedia Economics and Finance, 16, 173–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, N., Poon, W. P. H., & Chan, K. C. (2014). Contributing institutions and authors in international business research: A quality-based assessment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, D. B. (2010). Risk management reporting and value creation in danish companies (master thesis). Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nigel, E., & Elphick, S. (2005). Models of crisis management: An evaluation of their value for strategic planning in the international travel industry. The International Journal of Tourism Research, 7(3), 135–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özalp, İ. (2005). Uluslararası İşletmecilik. Ankara: Nisan Kitap Evi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pindiche, E. (2013). The influence of micro and macro environment components on trade companies in romania. Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology, 9, 327–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purpura, P. (2013). Security and loss prevention: An intraduction. Oxford: Betterworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quon, T. K., Zeghal, D., & Maingot, M. (2012). Enterprise risk management and firm performance. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 28(4), 301–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramamurti, P. V. (2004). Psychosocial aspects of ageing in India. In P. V. Ramamurti & D. Jamuna (Eds.), Handbook on Indian gerontology (pp. 268–327). Delhi: Serials Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, P. S. (2010). International business environment. Mumbai, IND: Himalaya Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasel, R. (2014). Essential features of international business. On December 08, 2015. Accessed at http://bankofinfo.com/features-of-international-business/

  • Rugman, A. M., & Hodgetts, R. M. (2003) International business (3rd edn.). ISBN 10: 0273673742, ISBN 13: 9780273673743. Mishawaka, USA: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. (2004). A perspective on regional and global strategies of multinational enterprises. Accessed at: https://ideas.repec.org/p/iuk/wpaper/2004–19.html

  • Samiee, S., & Athanassiou, N. (1998). International strategy research: Cross methodology implications. Journal of Business Research, 43(2), 79–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandler, K. (2014). Three types of foreign exchange exposure. 21.06.2016. Accessed at http://www.ehow.com/list_6651707_three-types-foreign-exchange-exposure.html

  • Shenkar, O. (2004). One more time: International business in a global economy. Journal of International Business Studies, 35, 161–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, S., & Kotulla, T. (2011). 50 years of research on international standardization to theoretical framework. International Business Review, 20(5), 491–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shenkar, O., & Luo, Y. (2004). International business. John Hoboken: Wiley and Sons Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjolander, R. (2004). Market entry strategies. International business. Accessed at: http://www.premiumessayhelp.com/samples/international-business-3/

  • Smit, Y. (2012). A structured approach to risk management for South African SMSs (master thesis). Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soares, A. M., & Farhangmehr, M. (2007). Hofstede’s dimensions of culture in international marketing studies. Journal of Business Research, 60(3), 277–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SobelP, J., & Reding, K. F. (2004). Aligning corporate governance with enterprise risk management. Management Accounting Quarterly, 5(2), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swelbar, W., & Belobaba, P. (2009). ‘Critical issues and prospects for the global airline Industry’. New York: Wiley Press. On December 15, 2015. Accessed at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9780470744734

  • The Committe of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). (2004). Enterprise risk management-integrated framework executive summary. On December 20, 2015. Accessed at http://www.cpa2biz.com/AST/Main/CPA2BIZ_Primary/InternalControls/COSO/PRDOVR~PC-990015/PC-990015.jsp

  • The Committe of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). (2003). Overwiew of enterprises risk management on December 25, 2015. Accessed at https://www.casact.org/area/erm/overview.pdf.

  • The Institute of Risk Management (IRM). (2002). A risk management standard, the association of insurance and risk managers (AIRMIC). ALARM The National Forum for Risk Management in the Public Sector. Accessed at: https://www.theirm.org/media/886059/ARMS_2002_IRM.pdf

  • Thomas, D. (2008). Cross-cultural management: Essential concept. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • UGC NET Tutor Commerce. (ub). Accessed at: http://www.arihantbooks.com/chapterdownloads/D530.pdf

  • Vaghefi, M. R., Paulson, S. K., & Tomlinson, W. H. (1991). International business theory and practice. New York- Philadelphia- Washington, DC- London: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkateswaran, N. (2012). International business management. Daryaganj, IND: New Age International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, P. L., Shenkir, W. G., Barton, T. L. (2002). Enterprises risk management: Pulling it all together. USA: The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, C. D. (2002). The multinational enterprise and legal control. Hague: Kluwer Law publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • WDR, World Development Report. (2014). Risk and opportunity managing risk for development, at November 25, 2015. Accessed at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNWDR2013/Resources/8258024-1352909193861/8936935-1356011448215/8986901-1380046989056/WDR-2014_Complete_Report.pdf.

  • Wild, J. J., & Wild, K. L. (2012). International business: The challenges of globalization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wild, J. J., Wild, K. L., & Han, J. C. Y. (2000). International business: An integrated approach. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiley, J., & Canada, S. (2007). Management. USA: Canadian Edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods, M. (2001). International business. New York: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zea, M. (2002). Is airline risk manageable? Flight Global magazine, on December 10, 2015. Accessed at https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/is-airline-risk-manageable-145351/.

  • Zikmund, W. G., Middlemist, R. D., & Middlemist, M. R. (1995). Business: The American challenge for global competitiveness. US Burr Ridge: Austen Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ayse Kucuk Yilmaz .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yilmaz, A.K., Flouris, T. (2017). Business and Strategy Via Integration of Enterprise Risk Management: Air Transportation Case Study. In: Corporate Risk Management for International Business. Accounting, Finance, Sustainability, Governance & Fraud: Theory and Application. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4266-9_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics