Abstract
In China, the agricultural civilization is a loess civilization; industrial civilization is a black-and-brown civilization; and ecological civilization is a green civilization. Human development has always made the progression from positivity to negativity and then back to positivity; it has progressed from unity of nature and humanity to humanity conquering nature, and then back to harmony of humanity with nature.
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Notes
- 1.
Professor Ronald Coase’s, speech, “China’s Economic Reform” at a seminar at the University of Chicago, July 14, 2008.
- 2.
Hu An-gang and Guan Qingyou, blurb on China’s Response to Global Climate Change, Beijing, Tsinghua University Publishing House, 2009.
- 3.
Mao Zedong said to Edgar Snow, “At that time (1906) I had only just started swimming. The water level rose in summer, and not many people swam. However, a group of people did swim and they continued going for a swim until the middle of winter.” I have forgotten the poem that Mao Zedong wrote, but I remember two lines: ‘Confidently believe that a man can live to be 200 years old and so can swim a total length of 3000 miles!’ Edgar Snow, Red Star over China, second edition, Shanghai, Oriental Publishing House, 2010.
- 4.
Mao Zedong: “Where do correct ideas come from?” (1963), Mao Zedong VIII, People’s Publishing House, 1999.
- 5.
Lu Jiuyuan, Lu Jiuyuan Set, 21st volume, assorted works, “Analects of Confucius”, page 263, Beijing, Zhonghua Book Company, 1980.
- 6.
Yijing, Xici Shangzhuang, Yijing, page 220, Jilin Literature and History Press, 2006.
- 7.
As Deng Xiaoping said, “Major issues of policy and guidance should be discussed by the State Council, the National People’s Congress, or other institutions as well as by the CPC Central Committee and CPC members before being implemented.” Deng Xiaoping, “Reform and opening-up policy is stable, thus China is very promising” (September 4, 1989), Works of Deng Xiaoping, volume III, page 319, Beijing, People’s Publishing House, 1993.
- 8.
This refers to Deng Xiaoping’s speech at a meeting with members of the Basic Law Drafting Committee of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (April 16, 1987), Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, Volume III, page 216, Beijing, People’s Publishing House, 1993.
- 9.
State Statistical Bureau: China Statistical Abstract (2011), page 24, Beijing, China Statistics Publishing House, 2011.
- 10.
Center for China Situation Studies, Tsinghua University, Hu An-gang, Yan Yilong, Wei Xing, China in 2030: Towards a Common Prosperity, Beijing, China Renmin University Publishing House, 2011.
- 11.
Jiang Zemin: “Build a Well-Off Society in an All-Round Way and Create a New Situation in Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”—Report at the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (November 8, 2002); Hu Jintao: “Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive for New Victories in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects”—Report at the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (October 15, 2007).
- 12.
Hu Jintao: “Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive for New Victories in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects”—Report at the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (October 15, 2007).
- 13.
The International Poverty Line Standard refers to per capita daily income of USD 1.25 (PPP) international standard determined by the World Bank. According to World Bank estimates, the level of China’s international poverty line was 28.4 % in 2002 and 15.9 % in 2005. (http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/CHN) Accordingly, it can be estimated that this will be reduced to less than 10 % in 2010, less than 5 % in 2015, and be 1 % in 2020; this can be considered a basic elimination of poverty. Center for China Situation Studies, Tsinghua University, Hu An-gang, Yan Yilong, Wei Xing: China in 2030: Towards a Common Prosperity, page 50, Beijing, China Renmin University Publishing House, 2011.
- 14.
“The Chinese Rural Poverty Alleviation and Development Program (2011–2020)” points out that the rural poor population has been substantially reduced. There has been a steady improvement in income levels and significant improvement of infrastructure in poor areas; there has been continuous progress in social undertakings, the minimum living security system has been fully established, and the survival and food and clothing problems of rural residents have been basically solved. The program clearly proposes the following overall objectives: to remove concerns over food and clothing among poor people; provide compulsory education; provide basic health care and housing by 2020; the per capita net income growth rate of poor farmers should above the national average; main indicators in basic public services should be close to the national average, thereby reversing the development disparity. Xinhua News, Beijing, December 1, 2011.
- 15.
Center for China Situation Studies, Tsinghua University, Hu An-gang, Yan Yilong, Wei Xing: China in 2030: Towards a Common Prosperity, Chapter VI, “The Common Prosperity Society,” Beijing, China Renmin University Publishing House, 2011.
- 16.
“Planning for National Main Functional Areas—Building an Efficient, Coordinated and Sustainable National Spatial Development Pattern,” Guo Fa no. 46 [2010], December 26, 2010.
- 17.
According to information provided by the State Forestry Administration, from 2010 to 2020, China’s net growth of forest reserves may reach 9 billion m3; since 1 m3 of forest reserves may absorb 1.83 tons of carbon dioxide, 9 billion m3 of forest reserves can absorb 16.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide. Wang Zhuxiong: “To Strengthen Forest Management and to Promote Green Growth”, Chinese Society of Forestry: Modern Forestry Development High-Level Forum Reports in 2011, Beijing, December 2011.
- 18.
Center for China Situation Studies, Tsinghua University, Hu An-gang, Yan Yilong, Wei Xing: China in 2030: Towards a Common Prosperity, Beijing, China Renmin University Publishing House, 2011.
- 19.
According to the results of China’s sustainable forestry development strategy research, the country’s forest coverage rate ceiling is 26 %, and the area for expanding forest space is limited. Through forest management and increasing the volume of per-unit forest area, the growth potential may be as high as 20–40 %. Wang Zhuxiong: “To Strengthen Forest Management and Promote Green Growth,” Chinese Society of Forestry: modern forestry development high-level forum reports in 2011, Beijing, December 2011.
- 20.
The IPCC report (2007) proposes that if by 2050 greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere have long-term stability at 445–490 ppm, it is necessary to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by half of those in 1990.
- 21.
Mao Zedong: People’s union, No. 4 of Xiangjiang Review, August 2008 of Republic of China.
- 22.
Mao Zedong: In Memory of Dr. Sun Yat-sen (November 12, 1956), Collections of Mao Zedong (Volume VII), page 157, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1999.
- 23.
Hu Jintao, Report to the Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China on Oct. 15, 2007 http://www.china.org.cn/english/congress/229611.htm.
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Hu, A. (2017). Summary: Green China, Green Earth. In: China: Innovative Green Development. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2806-9_8
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