Abstract
Heavy metal ions in polluted drinking water or in plants have attracted increasing public attention because of their extremely harmful effects on human beings and ecological equilibria. Therefore, identifying and assessing heavy metal pollution in different substrates are important. Traditional heavy metal ion detection methods, such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, electron capture devices, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, which can be coupled to chromatographic techniques, require the use of large instruments. These techniques have high sensitivity to and specificity for different ions. However, the large, expensive instruments required by these techniques hinder the rapid, cost-effective detection of heavy metal ions in real applications. Thus, these methods are not suitable for real-time detection, and numerous studies have focused on making heavy metal ion detection more convenient and feasible. Accordingly, detection methods based on nucleic acid signal transmission have been developed to achieve rapid or real-time detection. In this review, the necessity of heavy metal ion detection methods, the advantages and drawbacks of traditional detection methods, and the latest nucleic acid-based detection methods are discussed. Moreover, the prospective applications of the different nucleic acid-based detection methods are presented.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Tekaya N, Saiapina O, Ben Ouada H, et al. Ultra-sensitive conductometric detection of pesticides based on inhibition of esterase activity in Arthrospira platensis. Environ Pollut. 2013;178:182–8.
Singh A, Sharma RK, Agrawal M, Marshall FM. Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48:611–9.
Rogers KR. Biosensors for environmental applications. Biosens Bioelectron. 1995;10:533–41.
Turdean GGL. Design and development of biosensors for the detection of heavy metal toxicity. Int J Electrochem. 2011;2011:1–15.
Gao C, Yu XY, Xiong SQ, et al. Electrochemical detection of arsenic(III) completely free from noble metal: Fe3O4 microspheres-room temperature ionic liquid composite showing better performance than gold. Anal Chem. 2013;85:2673–80.
Tag K, Riedel K, Bauer H-J, et al. Amperometric detection of Cu2+ by yeast biosensors using flow injection analysis (FIA). Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2007;122:403–9.
Arao T, Ishikawa S, Murakami M, et al. Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil and countermeasures in Japan. Paddy Water Environ. 2010;8:247–57.
Guascito MR, Malitesta C, Mazzotta E, Turco A. Inhibitive determination of metal ions by an amperometric glucose oxidase biosensor. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2008;131:394–402.
Li M, Gou H, Al-Ogaidi I, Wu N. Nanostructured sensors for detection of heavy metals: a review. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2013;1:713–23.
Bagal-Kestwal D, Karve MS, Kakade B, Pillai VK. Invertase inhibition based electrochemical sensor for the detection of heavy metal ions in aqueous system: application of ultra-microelectrode to enhance sucrose biosensor’s sensitivity. Biosens Bioelectron. 2008;24:657–64.
Valko M, Morris H, Cronin MTD. Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12:1161–208.
Patrick L. Lead toxicity part II: the role of free radical damage and the use of antioxidants in the pathology and treatment of lead toxicity. Altern Med Rev. 2006;11:114–27.
Han YH, Kim SZ, Kim SH, Park WH. Suppression of arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells by N-acetylcysteine. Mol Cells. 2008;26:18–25.
Ho S-Y, Wu W-J, Chiu H-W, et al. Arsenic trioxide and radiation enhance apoptotic effects in HL-60 cells through increased ROS generation and regulation of JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Chem Biol Interact. 2011;193:162–71.
Jin YH, Clark AB, Slebos RJC, et al. Cadmium is a mutagen that acts by inhibiting mismatch repair. Nat Genet. 2003;34:326–9.
Wieland M, Levin MK, Hingorani KS, et al. Mechanism of cadmium-mediated inhibition of Msh2-Msh6 function in DNA mismatch repair. Biochemistry. 2009;48:9492–502.
Kobal AB, Horvat M, Prezelj M, et al. The impact of long-term past exposure to elemental mercury on antioxidative capacity and lipid peroxidation in mercury miners. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2004;17:261–74.
Srikanth K, Ahmad I, Rao JV, et al. Modulation of glutathione and its dependent enzymes in gill cells of Anguilla anguilla exposed to silica coated iron oxide nanoparticles with or without mercury co-exposure under in vitro condition. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2014;162:7–14.
Jarup L. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br Med Bull. 2003;68:167–82.
Falco G, Llobet JM, Bocio A, Domingo JL. Daily intake of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead by consumption of edible marine species. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54:6106–12.
Monteiro DA, Rantin FT, Kalinin AL. Inorganic mercury exposure: toxicological effects, oxidative stress biomarkers and bioaccumulation in the tropical freshwater fish matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus (Spix and Agassiz, 1829). Ecotoxicology. 2010;19:105–23.
Linšak Ž, Linšak DT, Špirić Z, et al. Effects of mercury on glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes in hares (Lepus europaeus Pallas). J Environ Sci Health A-Toxic/Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2013;48:1325–32.
Patra RC, Rautray AK, Swarup D. Oxidative stress in lead and cadmium toxicity and its amelioration. Vet Med Int. 2011;2011:457327.
Gong H, Li X. Y-type, C-rich DNA probe for electrochemical detection of silver ion and cysteine. Analyst. 2011;136:2242–6.
AshaRani PV, Low Kah Mun G, Hande MP, Valiyaveettil S. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human cells – SOM. ACS Nano. 2009;3:279–90.
Cano-Pavon JM, De Torres AG, Sánchez-Rojas F, Cañada-Rudner P. Analytical methods for mercury speciation in environmental and biological samples-An overview. Int J Environ Anal Chem. 1999;75:93–106.
Bunka DHJ, Stockley PG. Aptamers come of age – at last. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006;4:588–96.
O’Sullivan CK. Aptasensors – the future of biosensing? Anal Bioanal Chem. 2002;372:44–8.
Brody EN, Willis MC, Smith JD, et al. The use of aptamers in large arrays for molecular diagnostics. Mol Diagnosis. 1999;4:381–8.
Lee JF, Hesselberth JR, Meyers LA, Ellington AD. Aptamer database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32:D95–100.
Bruesehoff PJ, Li J, Augustine AJ, Lu Y. Improving metal ion specificity during in vitro selection of catalytic DNA. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 2002;5:327–35.
Shen Y, Mackey G, Rupcich N, et al. Entrapment of fluorescence signaling DNA enzymes in sol-gel-derived materials for metal ion sensing. Anal Chem. 2007;79:3494–503.
Liu J, Cao Z, Lu Y. Functional nucleic acid sensors. Chem Rev. 2009;109(5):1948–98.
Liu J, Lu Y. Fluorescent DNAzyme biosensors for metal ions based on catalytic molecular beacons. Methods Mol Biol. 2006;335:275–88.
Liu J, Lu Y. Stimuli-responsive disassembly of nanoparticle aggregates for light-up colorimetric sensing. J Am Chem Soc. 2005;127:12677–83.
Liu J, Lu Y. Accelerated color change of gold nanoparticles assembled by DNAzymes for simple and fast colorimetric Pb2+ detection. J Am Chem Soc. 2004;126:12298–305.
Liu J, Lu Y. Optimization of a Pb2+-directed gold nanoparticle/DNAzyme assembly and its application as a colorimetric biosensor for Pb2+. Chem Mater. 2004;16:3231–8.
Liu J, Lu Y. Colorimetric biosensors based on DNAzyme-assembled gold nanoparticles. J Fluoresc. 2004;14:343–54.
Liu J, Lu Y. Improving fluorescent DNAzyme biosensors by combining inter- and intramolecular quenchers. Anal Chem. 2003;75:6666–72.
Zhu G, Zhang CY. Functional nucleic acid-based sensors for heavy metal ion assays. Analyst. 2014;139(24):6326–42.
Li J, Lu Y. A highly sensitive and selective catalytic DNA biosensor for lead ions. J Am Chem Soc. 2000;122:10466–7.
Niazov T, Pavlov V, Xiao Y, et al. DNAzyme-functionalized Au nanoparticles for the amplified detection of DNA or telomerase activity. Nano Lett. 2004;4:1683–7.
Cheng Y, Huang Y, Lei J, et al. Design and biosensing of Mg2+-dependent DNAzyme-triggered ratiometric electrochemiluminescence. Anal Chem. 2014;86:5158–63.
Zhang Y, Wang L-J, Zhang C-Y. Highly sensitive detection of telomerase using a telomere-triggered isothermal exponential amplification-based DNAzyme biosensor. Chem Commun (Camb). 2014;50:1909–11.
Lu Y. New transition-metal-dependent DNAzymes as efficient endonucleases and as selective metal biosensors. Chem A Eur J. 2002;8:4588–96.
Zhang ZZ, Zhang CY. Highly sensitive detection of protein with aptamer-based target-triggering two-stage amplification. Anal Chem. 2012;84:1623–9.
Herr JK, Smith JE, Medley CD, et al. Aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles for selective collection and detection of cancer cells. Anal Chem. 2006;78:2918–24.
Zhang CY, Johnson LW. Single quantum-dot-based aptameric nanosensor for cocaine. Anal Chem. 2009;81:3051–5.
Xue L, Zhou X, Xing D. Highly sensitive protein detection based on aptamer probe and isothermal nicking enzyme assisted fluorescence signal amplification. Chem Commun (Camb). 2010;46:7373–5.
Yang K, Zhang C. Simple detection of nucleic acids with a single-walled carbon-nanotube-based electrochemical biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron. 2011;28:257–62.
Zhou X, Tang Y, Xing D. One-step homogeneous protein detection based on aptamer probe and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2011;83:2906–12.
Sassolas A, Blum LJ, Leca-Bouvier BD. Homogeneous assays using aptamers. Analyst. 2011;136:257–74.
Ono A, Togashi H. Highly selective oligonucleotide-based sensor for mercury(II) in aqueous solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2004;43:4300–2.
Miyake Y, Togashi H, Tashiro M, et al. MercuryII-mediated formation of thymine-HgII-thymine base pairs in DNA duplexes. J Am Chem Soc. 2006;128:2172–3.
Ono A, Cao S, Togashi H, et al. Specific interactions between silver(I) ions and cytosine-cytosine pairs in DNA duplexes. Chem Commun. 2008;39:4825–7.
Pan T, Uhlenbeck OC. In vitro selection of RNAs that undergo autolytic cleavage with Pb2+. Biochemistry. 1992;31:3887–95.
Pan T, Uhlenbeck OC. A small metalloribozyme with a two-step mechanism. Nature. 1992;358:560–3.
Santoro SW, Joyce GF. A general purpose RNA-cleaving DNA enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:4262–6.
Brown AK, Li J, Pavot CM-B, Lu Y. A lead-dependent DNAzyme with a two-step mechanism. Biochemistry. 2003;42:7152–61.
Peracchi A, Bonaccio M, Clerici M. A mutational analysis of the 8-17 deoxyribozyme core. J Mol Biol. 2005;352:783–94.
Faulhammer D, Famulok M. The Ca2+ ion as a cofactor for a novel RNA‐cleaving deoxyribozyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 1996;35:2837–41.
Peracchi A. Preferential activation of the 8-17 deoxyribozyme by Ca(2+) ions. Evidence for the identity of 8-17 with the catalytic domain of the Mg5 deoxyribozyme. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:11693–7.
Li J, Zheng W, Kwon AH, Lu Y. In vitro selection and characterization of a highly efficient Zn (II)-dependent RNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000;28:481–8.
Cruz RPG, Withers JB, Li Y. Dinucleotide junction cleavage versatility of 8-17 deoxyribozyme. Chem Biol. 2004;11:57–67.
Liu J, Lu Y. FRET study of a trifluorophore-labeled DNAzyme. J Am Chem Soc. 2002;124:15208–16.
Kim HK, Liu J, Li J, et al. Metal-dependent global folding and activity of the 8-17 DNAzyme studied by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. J Am Chem Soc. 2007;129:6896–902.
Kim H-K, Rasnik I, Liu J, et al. Dissecting metal ion-dependent folding and catalysis of a single DNAzyme. Nat Chem Biol. 2007;3:763–8.
Santoro SW, Joyce GF, Sakthivel K, et al. RNA cleavage by a DNA enzyme with extended chemical functionality. J Am Chem Soc. 2000;122:2433–9.
Carmi N, Balkhi SR, Breaker RR. Cleaving DNA with DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:2233–7.
Carmi N, Shultz LA, Breaker RR. In vitro selection of self-cleaving DNAs. Chem Biol. 1996;3:1039–46.
Carmi N, Breaker RR. Characterization of a DNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme. Bioorg Med Chem. 2001;9:2589–600.
Liu J, Lu Y. A DNAzyme catalytic beacon sensor for paramagnetic Cu 2+ ions in aqueous solution with high sensitivity and selectivity. J Am Chem Soc. 2007;129:9838–9.
Cuenoud B, Szostak JW. A DNA metalloenzyme with DNA ligase activity. Nature. 1995;375:611–4.
Wang W, Billen LP, Li Y. Sequence diversity, metal specificity, and catalytic proficiency of metal-dependent phosphorylating DNA enzymes. Chem Biol. 2002;9:507–17.
Chiuman W, Li Y. Revitalization of six abandoned catalytic DNA species reveals a common three-way junction framework and diverse catalytic cores. J Mol Biol. 2006;357:748–54.
Liu Z, Mei SHJ, Brennan JD, Li Y. Assemblage of signaling DNA enzymes with intriguing metal-ion specificities and pH dependences. J Am Chem Soc. 2003;125:7539–45.
Nelson KE, Bruesehoff PJ, Lu Y. In vitro selection of high temperature Zn2+-dependent DNAzymes. J Mol Evol. 2005;61:216–25.
Dubertret B, Calame M, Libchabera J. Single-mismatch detection using gold-quenched fluorescent oligonucleotides. Nat Biotechnol. 2001;19:365–70.
Tyagi S, Bratu DP, Kramer FR. Multicolor molecular beacons for allele discrimination. Nat Biotechnol. 1998;16:49–53.
Tyagi S, Marras SA, Kramer FR. Wavelength-shifting molecular beacons. Nat Biotechnol. 2000;18:1191–6.
Tyagi S, Kramer FR. Molecular beacons: probes that fluoresce upon hybridization. Nat Biotechnol. 1996;14:303–8.
Cao Z, Suljak SW, Tan W. Molecular beacon aptamers for protein monitoring in real-time and in homogeneous solutions. Curr Proteomics. 2005;2:31–40.
Stojanovic MN, de Prada P, Landry DW. Homogeneous assays based on deoxyribozyme catalysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000;28:2915–8.
Vitiello D, Pecchia DB, Burke JM. Intracellular ribozyme-catalyzed trans-cleavage of RNA monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. RNA. 2000;6:628–37.
Jenne A, Hartig JS, Piganeau N, et al. Rapid identification and characterization of hammerhead-ribozyme inhibitors using fluorescence-based technology. Nat Biotechnol. 2001;19:56–61.
Singh KK, Parwaresch R, Krupp G. Rapid kinetic characterization of hammerhead ribozymes by real-time monitoring of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). RNA. 1999;5:1348–56.
Sekar RB, Periasamy A. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy imaging of live cell protein localizations. J Cell Biol. 2003;160:629–33.
Walter NG, Burke JM. Real-time monitoring of hairpin ribozyme kinetics through base-specific quenching of fluorescein-labeled substrates. RNA. 1997;3:392–404.
Perkins TA, Wolf DE, Goodchild J. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis of ribozyme kinetics reveals the mode of action of a facilitator oligonucleotide. Biochemistry. 1996;35:16370–7.
Liu J, Brown AK, Meng X, et al. A catalytic beacon sensor for uranium with parts-per-trillion sensitivity and millionfold selectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:2056–61.
Boulyga SF, Heumann KG. Determination of extremely low 236U/238U isotope ratios in environmental samples by sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using high-efficiency sample introduction. J Environ Radioact. 2006;88:1–10.
Carmi N, Breaker RR. Characterization of a DNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme. Bioorganic Med Chem. 2001;9:2589–600.
Zhao W, Lam JCF, Chiuman W, et al. Enzymatic cleavage of nucleic acids on gold nanoparticles: a generic platform for facile colorimetric biosensors. Small. 2008;4:810–6.
Wei H, Li BL, Li J, et al. DNAzyme-based colorimetric sensing of lead (Pb2+) using unmodified gold nanoparticle probes. Nanotechnology. 2008;19:095501.
Lee JS, Han MS, Mirkin CA. Colorimetric detection of mercuric ion (Hg2+) in aqueous media using DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2007;46:4093–6.
Li D, Wieckowska A, Willner I. Optical analysis of Hg2+ ions by oligonucleotide-gold- nanoparticle hybrids and DNA-based machines. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2008;47:3927–31.
Chen L, Lu W, Wang X, Chen L. A highly selective and sensitive colorimetric sensor for iodide detection based on anti-aggregation of gold nanoparticles. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2013;182:482–8.
Xu X, Wang J, Jiao K, Yang X. Colorimetric detection of mercury ion (Hg2+) based on DNA oligonucleotides and unmodified gold nanoparticles sensing system with a tunable detection range. Biosens Bioelectron. 2009;24:3153–8.
Chai F, Wang C, Wang T, et al. Colorimetric detection of Pb2+ using glutathione functionalized gold nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2010;2:1466–70.
Liu C-W, Hsieh Y-T, Huang C-C, et al. Detection of mercury(II) based on Hg2+ -DNA complexes inducing the aggregation of gold nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb). 2008;22:2242–4.
Xia F, Zuo X, Yang R, et al. Colorimetric detection of DNA, small molecules, proteins, and ions using unmodified gold nanoparticles and conjugated polyelectrolytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:10837–41.
Li T, Dong S, Wang E. Label-free colorimetric detection of aqueous mercury ion (Hg2+) using Hg2+-modulated G-quadruplex-based DNAzymes. Anal Chem. 2009;81:2144–9.
Li T, Li B, Wang E, Dong S. G-quadruplex-based DNAzyme for sensitive mercury detection with the naked eye. Chem Commun (Camb). 2009;24:3551–3.
Li J, Yao J, Zhong W. Membrane blotting for rapid detection of mercury(II) in water. Chem Commun (Camb). 2009;137:4962–4.
Wang J, Liu B. Highly sensitive and selective detection of Hg(2+) in aqueous solution with mercury-specific DNA and Sybr Green I. Chem Commun (Camb). 2008;39:4759–61.
Zhang Z, Yin J, Wu Z, Yu R. Electrocatalytic assay of mercury(II) ions using a bifunctional oligonucleotide signal probe. Anal Chim Acta. 2013;762:47–53.
Zhang Z, Tang A, Liao S, et al. Oligonucleotide probes applied for sensitive enzyme-amplified electrochemical assay of mercury(II) ions. Biosens Bioelectron. 2011;26:3320–4.
Wu D, Zhang Q, Chu X, et al. Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for mercury (II) based on target-induced structure-switching DNA. Biosens Bioelectron. 2010;25:1025–31.
Liu SJ, Nie HG, Jiang JH, et al. Electrochemical sensor for mercury(II) based on conformational switch mediated by interstrand cooperative coordination. Anal Chem. 2009;81:5724–30.
Han D, Kim Y-R, Oh J-W, et al. A regenerative electrochemical sensor based on oligonucleotide for the selective determination of mercury(II). Analyst. 2009;134:1857–62.
Tang X, Liu H, Zou B, et al. A fishnet electrochemical Hg 2+ sensing strategy based on gold nanoparticle-bioconjugate and thymine–Hg 2+–thymine coordination chemistry. Analyst. 2012;137:309–11.
Gong JL, Sarkar T, Badhulika S, Mulchandani A. Label-free chemiresistive biosensor for mercury (II) based on single-walled carbon nanotubes and structure-switching DNA. Appl Phys Lett. 2013. doi:10.1063/1.4773569.
Li H, Xue Y, Wang W. Femtomole level photoelectrochemical aptasensing for mercury ions using quercetin-copper(II) complex as the DNA intercalator. Biosens Bioelectron. 2014;54:317–22.
Eda G, Lin YY, Mattevi C, et al. Blue photoluminescence from chemically derived graphene oxide. Adv Mater. 2010;22:505–9.
Bingol H, Kocabas E, Zor E, Coskun A. A novel benzothiazole based azocalix[4]arene as a highly selective chromogenic chemosensor for Hg2+ ion: a rapid test application in aqueous environment. Talanta. 2010;82:1538–42.
Wilson D, Del Valle M, Alegret S, et al. Potentiometric electronic tongue-flow injection analysis system for the monitoring of heavy metal biosorption processes. Talanta. 2012;93:285–92.
Chandrasoma A, Hamid AAA, Bruce AE, et al. An infrared spectroscopic based method for mercury(II) detection in aqueous solutions. Anal Chim Acta. 2012;728:57–63.
Fu X, Lou T, Chen Z, et al. “Turn-on” fluorescence detection of lead ions based on accelerated leaching of gold nanoparticles on the surface of graphene. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012;4:1080–6.
Jung JH, Cheon DS, Liu F, et al. A graphene oxide based immuno-biosensor for pathogen detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2010;49:5708–11.
Huang X, Lan T, Zhang B, Ren J. Gold nanoparticle–enzyme conjugates based FRET for highly sensitive determination of hydrogen peroxide, glucose and uric acid using tyramide reaction. Analyst. 2012;137:3659–66.
Kundu A, Layek RK, Kuila A, Nandi AK. Highly fluorescent graphene oxide-poly(vinyl alcohol) hybrid: an effective material for specific Au 3+ ion sensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012;4:5576–82.
Zhang W, Wei J, Zhu H, et al. Self-assembled multilayer of alkyl graphene oxide for highly selective detection of copper(ii) based on anodic stripping voltammetry. J Mater Chem. 2012;22:22631.
Zhou N, Chen H, Li J, Chen L. Highly sensitive and selective voltammetric detection of mercury(II) using an ITO electrode modified with 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles. Microchim Acta. 2013;180:493–9.
Wu S, He Q, Tan C, et al. Graphene-based electrochemical sensors. Small. 2013;9:1160–72.
Wang B, Chang YH, Zhi LJ. High yield production of graphene and its improved property in detecting heavy metal ions. Xinxing Tan Cailiao/New Carbon Mater. 2011;26:31–5.
Chow E, Goading JJ. Peptide modified electrodes as electrochemical metal ion sensors. Electroanalysis. 2006;18:1437–48.
Çeken B, Kandaz M, Koca A. Electrochemical metal-ion sensors based on a novel manganese phthalocyanine complex. Synth Met. 2012;162:1524–30.
Li J, Guo S, Zhai Y, Wang E. High-sensitivity determination of lead and cadmium based on the Nafion-graphene composite film. Anal Chim Acta. 2009;649:196–201.
Chen TY, Leddy J. Ion exchange capacity of Nafion and Nafion composites. Langmuir. 2000;16:2866–71.
Schrenk MJ, Villigram RE, Torrence NJ, et al. Effects of mixture casting Nafion?? with quaternary ammonium bromide salts on the ion-exchange capacity and mass transport in the membranes. J Memb Sci. 2002;205:3–10.
Iwai Y, Hiroki A, Tamada M, Yamanishi T. Radiation deterioration in mechanical properties and ion exchange capacity of Nafion N117 swelling in water. J Memb Sci. 2008;322:249–55.
Willemse CM, Tlhomelang K, Jahed N, et al. Metallo-Graphene nanocomposite electrocatalytic platform for the determination of toxic metal ions. Sensors. 2011;11:3970–87.
Fan M, Andrade GFS, Brolo AG. A review on the fabrication of substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and their applications in analytical chemistry. Anal Chim Acta. 2011;693:7–25.
Álvarez-Puebla RA, Liz-Marzán LM. Environmental applications of plasmon assisted Raman scattering. Energy Environ Sci. 2010;3:1011.
Halvorson RA, Vikesland PJ. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for environmental analyses. Environ Sci Technol. 2010;44:7749–55.
Li J, Chen L, Lou T, Wang Y. Highly sensitive SERS detection of As3+ ions in aqueous media using glutathione functionalized silver nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011;3:3936–41.
Mulvihill M, Tao A, Benjauthrit K, et al. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for trace arsenic detection in contaminated water. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2008;47:6456–60.
Han MJ, Hao J, Xu Z, Meng X. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering for arsenate detection on multilayer silver nanofilms. Anal Chim Acta. 2011;692:96–102.
Yin J, Wu T, Song J, et al. SERS-active nanoparticles for sensitive and selective detection of cadmium ion (Cd2+). Chem Mater. 2011;23:4756–64.
Wang Y, Irudayaraj J. A SERS DNAzyme biosensor for lead ion detection. Chem Commun (Camb). 2011;47:4394–6.
Li P, Liu H, Yang L, Liu J. Sensitive and selective SERS probe for Hg(II) detection using aminated ring-close structure of Rhodamine 6G. Talanta. 2013;106:381–7.
Ma Y, Liu H, Qian K, et al. A displacement principle for mercury detection by optical waveguide and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2012;386:451–5.
Li K, Liang A, Jiang C, et al. A stable and reproducible nanosilver-aggregation-4-mercaptopyridine surface-enhanced Raman scattering probe for rapid determination of trace Hg2+. Talanta. 2012;99:890–6.
Choo J, Lim C, Chen L, et al. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering in nanoliter droplets: towards high-sensitivity detection of mercury (II) ions. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009;394:1827–32.
Han D, Lim SY, Kim BJ, et al. Mercury(ii) detection by SERS based on a single gold microshell. Chem Commun (Camb). 2010;46:5587–9.
Chen J, Zheng A, Gao Y, et al. Functionalized CdS quantum dots-based luminescence probe for detection of heavy and transition metal ions in aqueous solution. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2008;69:1044–52.
Chen J, Gao Y, Xu Z, et al. A novel fluorescent array for mercury (II) ion in aqueous solution with functionalized cadmium selenide nanoclusters. Anal Chim Acta. 2006;577:77–84.
Ali EM, Zheng Y, Yu HH, Ying JY. Ultrasensitive Pb2+ detection by glutathione-capped quantum dots. Anal Chem. 2007;79:9452–8.
Koneswaran M, Narayanaswamy R. Mercaptoacetic acid capped CdS quantum dots as fluorescence single shot probe for mercury(II). Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2009;139:91–6.
Deka S, Quarta A, Lupo MG, et al. CdSe/CdS/ZnS double shell nanorods with high photoluminescence efficiency and their exploitation as biolabeling probes. J Am Chem Soc. 2009;131:2948–58.
Duan J, Jiang X, Ni S, et al. Facile synthesis of N-acetyl-l-cysteine capped ZnS quantum dots as an eco-friendly fluorescence sensor for Hg 2+. Talanta. 2011;85:1738–43.
Banerjee S, Kar S, Santra S. A simple strategy for quantum dot assisted selective detection of cadmium ions. Chem Commun (Camb). 2008;1:3037–9.
Algar WR, Tavares AJ, Krull UJ. Beyond labels: a review of the application of quantum dots as integrated components of assays, bioprobes, and biosensors utilizing optical transduction. Anal Chim Acta. 2010;673:1–25.
Medintz IL, Clapp AR, Mattoussi H, et al. Self-assembled nanoscale biosensors based on quantum dot FRET donors. Nat Mater. 2003;2:630–8.
Van Ness J, Van Ness LK, Galas DJ. Isothermal reactions for the amplification of oligonucleotides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:4504–9.
Yin J, He X, Jia X, et al. Highly sensitive label-free fluorescent detection of Hg2+ ions by DNA molecular machine-based Ag nanoclusters. Analyst. 2013;138:2350–6.
Zou B, Ma Y, Wu H, Zhou G. Ultrasensitive DNA detection by cascade enzymatic signal amplification based on Afu flap endonuclease coupled with nicking endonuclease. Angew Chem – Int Ed. 2011;50:7395–8.
Xue L, Zhou X, Xing D. Sensitive and homogeneous protein detection based on target-triggered aptamer hairpin switch and nicking enzyme assisted fluorescence signal amplification. Anal Chem. 2012;84:3507–13.
Li JJ, Chu Y, Lee BYH, Xie XS. Enzymatic signal amplification of molecular beacons for sensitive DNA detection. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn033.
Zhu G, Yang K, Zhang C, Yang. Sensitive detection of methylated DNA using the short linear quencher-fluorophore probe and two-stage isothermal amplification assay. Biosens Bioelectron. 2013;49:170–5.
Ma J, Chen Y, Hou Z, et al. Selective and sensitive mercuric (ii) ion detection based on quantum dots and nicking endonuclease assisted signal amplification. Biosens Bioelectron. 2013;43:84–7.
Dirks RM, Pierce NA. Triggered amplification by hybridization chain reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:15275–8.
Huang J, Wu Y, Chen Y, et al. Pyrene-excimer probes based on the hybridization chain reaction for the detection of nucleic acids in complex biological fluids. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2011;50:401–4.
Xu Q, Zhu G, Zhang CY. Homogeneous bioluminescence detection of biomolecules using target-triggered hybridization chain reaction-mediated ligation without luciferase label. Anal Chem. 2013;85:6915–21.
Xu N, Wang Q, Lei J, et al. Label-free triple-helix aptamer as sensing platform for “signal-on” fluorescent detection of thrombin. Talanta. 2015;132:387–91.
Huang J, Gao X, Jia J, et al. Graphene oxide-based amplified fluorescent biosensor for Hg2+ detection through hybridization chain reactions. Anal Chem. 2014;86:3209–15.
Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Digital PCR. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1999;96:9236–41.
Sanders R, Huggett JF, Bushell CA, et al. Evaluation of digital PCR for absolute DNA quantification. Anal Chem. 2011;83:6474–84.
Miotto E, Saccenti E, Lupini L, et al. Quantification of circulating miRNAs by droplet digital PCR: comparison of EvaGreen- and TaqMan-based chemistries. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23:2638–42.
Pinheiro LB, Coleman VA, Hindson CM, et al. Evaluation of a droplet digital polymerase chain reaction format for DNA copy number quantification. Anal Chem. 2012;84:1003–11.
Hindson BJ, Ness KD, Masquelier DA, Colston BW. High-throughput droplet digital PCR system for absolute quantitation of DNA copy number. Anal Chem. 2011;83:8604–10.
Burns MJ, Burrell AM, Foy CA. The applicability of digital PCR for the assessment of detection limits in GMO analysis. Eur Food Res Technol. 2010;231:353–62.
Demeke T, Gräfenhan T, Holigroski M, et al. Assessment of droplet digital PCR for absolute quantification of genetically engineered OXY235 canola and DP305423 soybean samples. Food Control. 2014;46:470–4.
Corbisier P, Bhat S, Partis L, et al. Absolute quantification of genetically modified MON810 maize (Zea mays L.) by digital polymerase chain reaction. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010;396:2143–50.
Morisset D, Štebih D, Milavec M, et al. Quantitative analysis of food and feed samples with droplet digital PCR. PLoS One. 2013;8:e62583.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Beijing (XX2014B069). Many thanks to Pengyu Zhu, for his kindly help in manuscript conception and preparation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Xu, W. (2016). Identification and Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution Using Nucleic Acid-Mediated Technologies. In: Functional Nucleic Acids Detection in Food Safety. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1618-9_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1618-9_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-1617-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-1618-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)