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Genetic Landscape of Thyroid Cancer

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Evidence-Based Endocrine Surgery

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Abstract

Thyroid cancer incidence has been increasing over the past 40 years [1–4]. The histological and genetic profile distribution has been changing [3]. Majority of thyroid cancer are derived from thyroid follicular cells, consisting of papillary thyroid carcinoma (80%), follicular thyroid carcinoma (<10%), poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (7%), and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (2%). The thyroid C cells form medullary thyroid carcinoma (3%) [1, 5, 6]. The utilisation of modern sequencing technique has enabled better correlation of clinico-pathological features with their genetic basis. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) genetic characterisation of papillary thyroid carcinoma had increased the proportion of known oncogenic drivers from 75 to 96.5% [7]. Even though the survival rate is usually high in most thyroid cancer patients, 60–70% fail to achieve complete remission (i.e. post-surgical incomplete or indeterminate treatment response) [8, 9]. About 25–50% of locally advanced or metastatic thyroid cancers become refractory to radioiodine therapy. This leads to a poorer outcome with 5-year survival of <50% and 10-year survival of <10% [10, 11]. The understanding of the genetic basis of these aggressive metastatic thyroid cancers is critical for personalised genotype-directed therapy.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Endocrinology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

    Samantha Peiling Yang

  2. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Samantha Peiling Yang

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  1. Division of Endocrine Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

    Rajeev Parameswaran

  2. Department of Endocrine Surgery, SGPGI Hospital, Lucknow, India

    Amit Agarwal

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Peiling Yang, S. (2018). Genetic Landscape of Thyroid Cancer. In: Parameswaran, R., Agarwal, A. (eds) Evidence-Based Endocrine Surgery. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1124-5_5

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