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India’s Initial WTO Disputes—An Analysis in Retrospect

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Abstract

On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the WTO and its dispute settlement mechanism, the authors consider it opportune to examine some of these initial disputes involving India with the benefit of hindsight. In this chapter we assess the extent to which these disputes have had an impact on India’s process of internal reform, on India continuing to open up its import markets and gain greater market access abroad, as well as on the positions adopted by India in more recent WTO disputes and negotiations.

All views are strictly personal of the Authors and do not represent views of the firm or its clients.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    WTO Press Release (1998) India Should Keep Up With Its Trade Reforms To Ensure Strong Economic Growth, PRESS/TPRB/71.

  2. 2.

    WTO International Trade Statistics (2014), table I.7, https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2014_e/its14_world_trade_dev_e.pdf Accessed on 31 Dec 2015.

  3. 3.

    Ibid.

  4. 4.

    PRESS/TPRB/71, supra note 2.

  5. 5.

    WTO International Trade Statistics (2014), at table I.10.

  6. 6.

    Information compiled from the WTO website.

  7. 7.

    Panel Report on United States—Measures Affecting Imports of Woven Woolen Shirts and Blouses from India, WT/DS33/R (Hereinafter US—Wool Shirts and Blouses) at paragraph 7.12.

  8. 8.

    Ibid, at paragraph 7.12.

  9. 9.

    Appellate Body Report on United States—Measures Affecting Imports of Woven Woolen Shirts and Blouses from India, WT/DS33/AB/R (Hereinafter US—Wool Shirts and Blouses) at paragraph 13.

  10. 10.

    Ibid, at paragraph 16.

  11. 11.

    Panel Report on United States—Anti-Dumping Measure on Shrimp from Ecuador, WT/DS335/R (Hereinafter US—Shrimp (Ecuador)), at paragraphs 7.9 and 7.11; Panel Report on United States—Measures Relating to Shrimp from Thailand, WT/DS343/R (Hereinafter US—Shrimp (Thailand)) at paragraph 7.21; Panel Report on Argentina—Measures Affecting Imports of Footwear, Textiles, Apparel and other Items, WT/DS56/R (Hereinafter Argentina—Textiles and Apparel) paragraphs 6.34–6.40; Appellate Body Report on European Communities—Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) WT/DS26/AB/R; WT/DS48/AB/R (Hereinafter EC—Hormones), at paragraph 98 (The AB considered the rule laid down in US—Wool Shirts and Blouses to “embod[y] a rule applicable in any adversarial proceedings”); Appellate Body Report on Japan—Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples, WT/DS245/AB/R (Hereinafter Japan—Apples), at paragraph 157.

  12. 12.

    Panel Report on Turkey—Restrictions on Imports of Clothing and Textile Products, WT/DS34/R (Hereinafter Turkey—Textiles), at paragraphs 6.18, 9.57, 9.58, 10.1.

  13. 13.

    Panel Report on India—Quantitative Restrictions on Imports of Agricultural, Textile and Industrial Products, WT/DS90/R (Hereinafter India—Quantitative Restrictions (US)), at paragraph 3.140.

  14. 14.

    Ibid, at paragraph 3.140.

  15. 15.

    Ibid, at paragraph 5.119.

  16. 16.

    Appellate Body Report on India—Quantitative Restrictions on Imports of Agricultural, Textile and Industrial Products, WT/DS90/AB/R (Hereinafter India—Quantitative Restrictions (US)), at paragraph 145.

  17. 17.

    Panel Report on India—Measures Affecting the Automotive Sector, WT/DS146R; WT/DS175/R (Hereinafter India—Autos), at paragraphs 7.282–7.285.

  18. 18.

    Appellate Body Report on European Communities—Anti-Dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton-type Bed Linen from India (Article 21.5) WT/DS141/AB/RW (Hereinafter EC–Bed Linen (Article 21.5)), at paragraphs 174–177.

  19. 19.

    Panel Report on European Communities—Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries, WT/DS246/R (Hereinafter EC—Tariff Preferences), at paragraph 7.53; Appellate Body Report on European Communities—Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries, WT/DS246/R (Hereinafter EC—Tariff Preferences), at paragraphs 90, 104–105.

  20. 20.

    Panel Report on India—Additional and Extra-Additional Duties on Imports from the United States, WT/DS360/R (Hereinafter India—Additional Duties), at paragraphs 7.161, 8.1; Appellate Body Report on India—Additional and Extra-Additional Duties on Imports from the United States, WT/DS360/AB/R, at paragraphs 183–195.

  21. 21.

    Appellate Body Report on India—Measures Concerning the Importation of Certain Agricultural Products, WT/DS430/AB/R (Hereinafter India—Agricultural Products), at paragraph 5.280.

  22. 22.

    Appellate Body Report on India—Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products, WT/DS50/AB/R (Hereinafter India—Patents), at paragraph 29.

  23. 23.

    Ibid, at paragraph 1.

  24. 24.

    Panel Report on India—Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products, WT/DS50/AB/R, at paragraphs 7.36–7.37.

  25. 25.

    German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia (Germany v. Poland), 1925 PCIJ (ser. A) No. 6 (25 Aug. 1925).

  26. 26.

    Appellate Body Report on India—Patents, at paragraph 65.

  27. 27.

    Ibid, at paragraph 71.

  28. 28.

    Panel Report on India—Patents, at paragraph 7.18.

  29. 29.

    Appellate Body Report on India—Patents, at paragraph 42.

  30. 30.

    Ibid, at paragraph 58.

  31. 31.

    Patent (Amendment) Act 1999.

  32. 32.

    Patent (Amendment) Act 2002; Patent (Amendment) Act, 2005.

  33. 33.

    Patent Act 1970, Section 3(d).

  34. 34.

    Appellate Body Report on European Communities—Selected Customs Matters, WT/DS315/AB/R (Hereinafter EC—Selected Customs Matters) at paragraph 133; Appellate Body Report on United States—Subsidies on Upland Cotton, WT/DS267/AB/R (Hereinafter US—Upland Cotton), at paragraph 263; Appellate Body Report on Australia—Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples from New Zealand, WT/DS367/AB/R (Hereinafter Australia—Apples), at paragraphs 423–425.

  35. 35.

    Panel Report on United States—Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing, Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products, WT/DS381/R (Hereinafter US—Tuna II (Mexico)), at paragraph 7.20.

  36. 36.

    See, Article 4, International Law Commission, Articles on State Responsibility.

  37. 37.

    WTO (2001) Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, WT/MIN(01)/DEC/2.

  38. 38.

    Patents Act, 1970, Section 3(d).

  39. 39.

    See WTO (2015) Minutes of the Meeting of the Council for Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights, IP/C/M/79/Add.1.

  40. 40.

    Appellate Body Report on India—Patents, at paragraph 42.

  41. 41.

    Appellate Body Report on United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/AB/R (Hereinafter US—Shrimp), at paragraph 119.

  42. 42.

    Ibid, at paragraph 128.

  43. 43.

    Ibid, at paragraphs 156–186.

  44. 44.

    Ibid, at paragraph 187.

  45. 45.

    Panel Report, India—Quantitative Restrictions, at paragraph 2.3.

  46. 46.

    WTO (1999) India—Quantitative Restrictions: Status Report Filed by India, WT/DS90/16/Add.7.

  47. 47.

    The second author of this piece fondly recalls the smuggler characters like “Sagar alias Jackie” and “Vicent Gomas” played by actor Mohanlal, and the high-handed and corrupt officials they were shown to be battling against, in popular Malayalam movies of the 1980s and 1990s. The popularity of the ‘smuggler’ movies of the time may be an indicator of how well acquainted the public was, of smuggling and corruption that accompanied the strict import controls.

  48. 48.

    Customs Act 1962, Section 11.

  49. 49.

    Department of Commerce, Notification No. 87 (RE-2013)/2009–2014, July 3, 2014; Gazette of India, Extra-ordinary, October 13, 2014, G.S.R. 718 (E).

  50. 50.

    Appellate Body Report on India—Patents, at paragraph 65.

  51. 51.

    Panel Report on United States—Sections 301–310 of the Trade Act 1974, WT/DS152/R at paragraphs 5.206–5.228.

  52. 52.

    Ibid, at paragraphs 7.18–7.20.

  53. 53.

    Ibid, at paragraph 7.122.

  54. 54.

    Panel Report on India—Autos, at footnote 133.

  55. 55.

    Panel Report on United States—Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Measures on Steel Plates from India, WT/DS206/R (Hereinafter US—Steel Plate), at paragraph 8.1.

  56. 56.

    Ibid, at paragraph 7.55.

  57. 57.

    Ibid, at paragraph 7.14.

  58. 58.

    Ibid, at paragraph 7.15.

  59. 59.

    Ibid, at paragraph 7.16.

  60. 60.

    Ibid, at paragraph 7.22.

  61. 61.

    Panel Report on European Communities—Anti-Dumping Measure on Farmed Salmon From Norway, WT/DS337/R (Hereinafter EC—Salmon (Norway)), at paragraph 7.347; Appellate Body Report on United States—Anti-Dumping Measure on Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Products from Japan, WT/DS 228/AB/R, at paragraph 81.

  62. 62.

    WTO, Antidumping Initiations, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/adp_e/AD_InitiationsByExpCty.pdf Accessed on 31 Dec 2015.

  63. 63.

    Appellate Body Report on United States—Sunset Reviews of Anti-Dumping Measures on Oil Country Tubular Goods from Argentina, WT/DS268/AB/R (Hereinafter US—Oil Country Tubular Goods Sunset Reviews) at paragraphs 216–221; Panel Report on United States—Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/R (Hereinafter US—Gambling) at paragraph 6.197; Appellate Body Report on United States—Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/AB/R, at paragraph 129.

  64. 64.

    Appellate Body Report on European Communities—Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft, WT/DS316/AB/R (Hereinafter EC and certain member States—Large Civil Aircraft), at paragraphs 792–794.

  65. 65.

    See Appellate Body Report on United States—Ant-Dumping Measures on Certain Shrimp from Viet Nam, WT/DS429/AB/R (Hereinafter US—Shrimp II (Viet Nam))—while the Appellate Body held that the USDOC “practice” in question did not violate WTO norms, by engaging in this analysis the Appellate Body indicates that a “practice” is capable of constituting a “measure” whose legality is capable of being assessed in WTO dispute settlement. For the panel’s treatment of issue, which expressly held the “practice” to be a “measure” capable of being challenged “as such”, see, Panel Report on United States—Shrimp II (Viet Nam) WT/DS429/AB/R, at paragraphs 7.94–7.131.

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  1. Sidley Austin LLP, Geneva, Switzerland

    Scott D. Andersen

  2. International Trade Practice - Sidley Austin LLP, Geneva, Switzerland

    Deepak Raju

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  1. Centre for WTO Studies, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi, India

    Abhijit Das

  2. Jindal Global Law School, O.P Jindal Global University, Sonepat, Haryana, India

    James J. Nedumpara

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Andersen, S.D., Deepak Raju (2016). India’s Initial WTO Disputes—An Analysis in Retrospect. In: Das, A., Nedumpara, J. (eds) WTO Dispute Settlement at Twenty. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0599-2_4

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