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Economic Sanctions Infringing Human Rights: Is There a Limit?

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Economic Sanctions under International Law

Abstract

The present chapter pursues the question to what extent contemporary international law puts a check on the adverse effects economic sanctions have on individual human rights, particularly economic, social, and cultural rights. It deals with economic coercion from the perspective of its objective: restoration of legality or political influence in domestic affairs. The relationship between freedom of trade and economic sanctions is discussed. Finally, the focus is on the significance of the adoption of the Guiding Principles on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights for setting a limit to economic sanctions that violate the core content of economic human rights. The basic assumption of the author is that public international law is really law. In view of this, the present state of the art in the ongoing debate on general international law as law will be briefly discussed, for which the new Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law acts as guide.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Carter 2011, p. 329.

  2. 2.

    See HRC, Thematic Study of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Impact of Unilateral Coercive Measures on the Enjoyment of Human Rights, p. 11, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/19/33 (11 January 2012).

  3. 3.

    Preface to each volume, p. viii.

  4. 4.

    Bernsdorff and Venzke 2011, p. 716.

  5. 5.

    Koskenniemi 2007a, p. 984.

  6. 6.

    Koskenniemi 2007b, pp. 124–125.

  7. 7.

    Koskenniemi 2011, p. 293.

  8. 8.

    Wolfrum 2006, p. 822; Bolton 2000, p. 48.

  9. 9.

    See Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Fifty-eighth Session (2006), Yearbook of the UN International Law Commission, vol. 2, part. 2, pp. 407–423, U.N. Doc A/61/10 (2006); Pauwelyn 2006, p. 311.

  10. 10.

    Bradford 2007, p. 742.

  11. 11.

    MPEPIL Index and Tables 2013, pp. 123–743.

  12. 12.

    Wolfrum 2006, p. 835.

  13. 13.

    Dupuy 2011, p. 857.

  14. 14.

    Feichtner 2007, p. 486.

  15. 15.

    Pinto 2014, p. 82; de Waart 2014, pp. 111–112.

  16. 16.

    Buergenthal 2007, p. 1021.

  17. 17.

    International Law Association, Report of the Seventy-Second Conference, Toronto (2006), p. 460.

  18. 18.

    Kamminga 2009, p. 4.

  19. 19.

    ILA Resolution 4/2008 on International Human Rights Law and Practice, Report of the Seventy-Third Conference, Rio de Janeiro 2008, p. 51.

  20. 20.

    The International Bill of Human Rights is the umbrella term for the 1948 UDHR, the 1966 ICCPR, the 1966 ICESCR, and their Additional Protocols.

  21. 21.

    Buergenthal 2007, p. 1023; UN Charter, preamble, para 1.

  22. 22.

    Tomuschat 2010, p. 641; Riedel 2011, p. 651.

  23. 23.

    G.A. Res. 543(VI), U.N. Doc. A/RES/543(VI) (5 February 1952).

  24. 24.

    Charlesworth 2008, p. 572.

  25. 25.

    World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna Declaration and Program of Action, para 94, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/23 (25 June 1993).

  26. 26.

    G.A. Res. 53/144, Article 16, U.N. Doc. A/RES/53/144 (8 March 1999).

  27. 27.

    UN Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders, Commentary to the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, pp. 11–12 (July 2011), available at http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Defenders/CommentarytoDeclarationondefendersJuly2011.pdf.

  28. 28.

    Mahmoudi 2011, pp. 396–397.

  29. 29.

    Verloren van Themaat 1981, p. 375.

  30. 30.

    G.A. Res. 3201(S-VI), U.N. Doc. A/RES/S-6/3201 (1 May 1974).

  31. 31.

    Sacerdoti 2011, pp. 666–667.

  32. 32.

    Campanelli 2011, p. 291.

  33. 33.

    Craven 1995, p. 29.

  34. 34.

    Riedel 2011, p. 664.

  35. 35.

    CESCR, General Comment 19: The Right to Social Security, para 2, U.N. Doc. E/C.12/GC/19 (4 February 2008); see also Nussberger 2009, pp. 244–246.

  36. 36.

    Roth-Arriaza and Aminzadeh 2007, p. 286.

  37. 37.

    H.R.C. Res. 19/32, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/RES/19/32 (18 April 2012).

  38. 38.

    ICCPR, Article 3, 16 December 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171.

  39. 39.

    ICESCR, Article 4, 16 December 1966, 993 U.N.T.S. 3.

  40. 40.

    ECOSOC, Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, para 21, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1984/4 (28 September 1984); ECOSOC, Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para 55, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1987/17 (1987).

  41. 41.

    Fox 2008, p. 16.

  42. 42.

    Idem, p. 17.

  43. 43.

    Idem, p. 18.

  44. 44.

    Idem, p. 19.

  45. 45.

    Letter from the CESCR Chairperson to States parties to the ICESCR (16 May 2012), available at http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CESCR/Shared%20Documents/1_Global/INT_CESCR_SUS_6395_E.doc.

  46. 46.

    ICESCR, Article 5, 16 December 1966, 993 U.N.T.S. 3; ICCPR, Article 5, 16 December 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171.

  47. 47.

    Riedel 2011, p. 655.

  48. 48.

    Scheinin 1995a, b, pp. 42–43. The author’s colleague and fellow-Dutchman Niko Schrijver, at present a member of the CESCR, told the author that this Committee has jurisprudence from Colombia, India, and South Africa on successfully invoking esc-right in national courts.

  49. 49.

    ICCPR, Article 4, 16 December 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171.

  50. 50.

    Kretzmer 2008, p. 391.

  51. 51.

    Tanzi 2010, p. 584.

  52. 52.

    ILA Resolution 1/1984, Report of the Seventy-First Conference, Paris 1984, p. 1; Chowdhury 1989, pp. 15, 17–22.

  53. 53.

    Aldo Caliari et al., Submission to the High-Level Segment of 13th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council on the Global Economic and Financial Crises, Bringing Human Rights to Bear in Times of Crisis: A Human Rights Analysis of Government Responses to the Economic Crisis, p. 4 (March 2010), available at http://www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/files/Bringing_Human_Rights_to_Bear_in_Times_of_Crisis.pdf; Council of Europe Commissioner on Human Rights, Safeguarding Human Rights in Times of Economic Crisis, p. 10, November 2013, available at http://www.enetenglish.gr/resources/article-files/prems162913_gbr_1700_safeguardinghumanrights_web.pdf.

  54. 54.

    G.A. Res. 53/144, preamble, Articles 17–18, U.N. Doc. A/RES/53/144 (8 March 1999).

  55. 55.

    World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen, 6–12 March 1995, Report, para 25, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.166/9 (19 April 1995).

  56. 56.

    Riedel 2011, p. 655.

  57. 57.

    Idem, pp. 659, 661.

  58. 58.

    Scheinin 1995a, b, p. 43.

  59. 59.

    World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen, 6-12 March 1995, Report, para 19, A/CONF.166/9 (19 April 1995) (“Absolute poverty is a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to social services”).

  60. 60.

    ILA Resolution 7/2012, Sofia Guiding Statements on the Judicial Elaboration of the 2002 New Delhi Declaration of Principles of International Law Relating to Sustainable Development, Annex, 2012, p. 51.

  61. 61.

    Pellet and Miron 2011, p. 1.

  62. 62.

    Carter 2011, p. 323.

  63. 63.

    Carter 2009, p. 294; HRC, Thematic Study of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Impact of Unilateral Coercive Measures on the Enjoyment of Human Rights, p. 5, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/19/33 (11 January 2012).

  64. 64.

    Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment. 1986 I.C.J. 14, 107–108; see also 133 (“The Court cannot contemplate the creation of a new rule opening up a right of intervention by one State against another on the ground that the latter has opted for some particular ideology or political system.”).

  65. 65.

    Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment. 1986 I.C.J. 14, 138.

  66. 66.

    WTO, Understanding the WTO, What We Stand For, http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/what_stand_for_e.htm (accessed 28 June 2014).

  67. 67.

    Van Genugten et al. 2006, pp. 23–25.

  68. 68.

    Benedek 2011, p. 321.

  69. 69.

    Stoll 2011, p. 987.

  70. 70.

    Hohmann 2008, pp. 250–252; Schrijver and Weiss 2004, p. 276.

  71. 71.

    Ohler 2009, p. 175.

  72. 72.

    G.A. Res. 55/2, para 13, U.N. Doc. A/RES/55/2 (18 September 2000).

  73. 73.

    Oesch 2009, p. 605.

  74. 74.

    Petersmann 2014, p. 93.

  75. 75.

    Carter 2011, p. 323.

  76. 76.

    Pellet and Miron 2011, pp. 10–11.

  77. 77.

    Joined Cases C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P, Yassin Abdullah Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v. Council of the European Union and Commission of the European Communities, Judgment of the European Court of Justice (Grand Chamber), 3 September 2008, para 326.

  78. 78.

    Feinäugle 2011, pp. 562–563.

  79. 79.

    Joined Cases C-584/10 P, C-593/10 P and C-595/10 P, Kadi, Judgment of the European Court of Justice (Grand Chamber), 18 July 2013.

  80. 80.

    Carter 2011, pp. 328–329.

  81. 81.

    Idem, p. 329.

  82. 82.

    Idem, p. 328.

  83. 83.

    CESCR, General Comment 8: The Relationship between Economic Sanction and Respect for Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, para 7, U.N. Doc. E/C.12/1997/8 (12 December 1997).

  84. 84.

    ECOSOC, Review of Further Developments in Fields with which the Sub-commission Has Been or May Be Concerned: The Adverse Consequences of Economic Sanction on the Enjoyment of Human Rights, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/SUB2/2000/33 (21 June 2000); HRC, Thematic Study of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Impact of Unilateral Coercive Measures on the Enjoyment of Human Rights, p. 11, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/19/33 (11 January 2012).

  85. 85.

    Marc Bossuyt, The Adverse Consequences of Economic Sanctions on the Enjoyment of Human Rights, Keynote Speech (5 April 2013), available at http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Events/WCM/MarcBossuyt_WorkshopUnilateralCoerciveSeminar.pdf.

  86. 86.

    HRC, Thematic Study of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Impact of Unilateral Coercive Measures on the Enjoyment of Human Rights, p. 4, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/19/33 (11 January 2012).

  87. 87.

    Bartels 2010, p. 985.

  88. 88.

    Krisch 2012, p. 1316.

  89. 89.

    Carter 2011, p. 328.

  90. 90.

    G.A. Res. 67/164, U.N. Doc. A/RES/67/164 (13 March 2013); see also H.R.C. Res. 21/11, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/RES/21/11 (18 October 2012); HRC, Final Draft of the Guiding Principles on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/21/39 (18 July 2012).

  91. 91.

    HRC, Final Draft of the Guiding Principles on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, para 1, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/21/39 (18 July 2012).

  92. 92.

    World Bank, Ending Extreme Poverty Hinges on Progress in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations, 30 April 2013, http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/04/30/ending-extreme-poverty-hinges-on-progress-in-fragile-and-conflict-affected-situations.

  93. 93.

    Riedel 2011, p. 665.

  94. 94.

    Idem.

  95. 95.

    Dennis and Stewart 2004, p. 515.

  96. 96.

    Picard 2011.

  97. 97.

    Schrijver 2013, p. 152; Riedel 2011, p. 651.

  98. 98.

    G.A. Res. 63/117, U.N. Doc. A/RES/63/117 (10 December 2008).

  99. 99.

    OP-ICESCR, Article 10, U.N. Doc. A/63/435. Of the 45 signatories States to the ICESCR, 15 are already parties to the OP. See United Nations Treaty Collection, Status, Optional Protocol to the ICESCR, http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en (accessed 29 June 2014).

  100. 100.

    CESCR, Provisional Rules of Procedure under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, U.N. Doc. E/C.12/49/3 (15 January 2013).

  101. 101.

    G.A. Res. 2200(XXI), Article 1, U.N. Doc. A/RES/2200 (XXI) (16 December 1966).

  102. 102.

    G.A. Res. 63/117, Article 2, U.N. Doc. A/RES/63/117.

  103. 103.

    UNHCHR, Report on Austerity Measures and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (2013), available at http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Development/RightsCrisis/E-2013-82_en.pdf.

  104. 104.

    Riedel 2011, p. 665.

  105. 105.

    Preface to each volume, pp. viii–ix.

  106. 106.

    HRC, Final Draft of the Guiding Principles on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, para 9, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/21/39 (18 July 2012).

  107. 107.

    CESCR, General Comment 8: The Relationship between Economic Sanction and Respect for Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, U.N. Doc. E/C.12/1997/8 (12 December 1997).

  108. 108.

    HRC, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, p. 22, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/22/56 (28 February 2013).

  109. 109.

    Wenzel 2008, pp. 1131, 1137.

  110. 110.

    G.A. Res. 60/288, U.N. Doc. A/RES/60/288 (20 September 2006); The Secretary General, Report of the Secretary General on Protecting Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism, p. 18, U.N. Doc. A/68/298 (19 July 2013); Walter 2011, pp. 919–922.

  111. 111.

    Kamminga 2009, p. 22.

  112. 112.

    Langford et al. 2013, p. 112.

  113. 113.

    Kamminga 2008, p. 1076.

  114. 114.

    HRC, Thematic Study of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Impact of Unilateral Coercive Measures on the Enjoyment of Human Rights, p. 11, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/19/33 (11 January 2012).

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    Paul de Waart

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de Waart, P. (2015). Economic Sanctions Infringing Human Rights: Is There a Limit?. In: Marossi, A., Bassett, M. (eds) Economic Sanctions under International Law. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-051-0_7

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