Abstract
This chapter summarises the information in the preceding chapters, which builds on the outcomes of an Expert Workshop held by the UNECE Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen in October 2010 in Paris, France, which examined the state-of-the-art regarding abatement measures for ammonia in agriculture. Cost information is provided by farm activity and abatement measure, including a discussion on integrated nitrogen management at the farm scale. The chapter also reports the conclusions of the Expert Workshop, noting the finding that in many cases the costs for the abatement techniques were cheaper than previously estimated. Wider policy contexts of the information are explored, including identifying priority measures for ammonia abatement and links to Annex IX of the Gothenburg Protocol.
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Notes
- 1.
Generally the value of manure nitrogen is expressed with fertilizer equivalence value which is significantly less than for mineral fertilizer (e.g. 75Â %). However, in the case of emission reduction 100Â % fertilizer equivalent value is appropriate since this represents a reduction in losses from the system, so long as manures are applied at agronomically suitable periods.
- 2.
At the time of publication, amendments to Annex IX have not entered into force (https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-1-h&chapter=27&lang=en). However, the adoption of the amendment has been recorded. ‘In accordance with article 13, paragraph 3, of the Gothenburg Protocol, [the] Amendment [contained in decision 2012/2] shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which two thirds of the Parties to the Gothenburg Protocol have deposited with the Depositary their instruments of acceptance thereof.’ (UNECE 2013b).
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Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), the European Commission through the ÉCLAIRE FP7 project, the UK Natural Environment Research Council, together with Agriculture and Agri-food Canada.
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Howard, C., Sutton, M.A., Oenema, O., Bittman, S. (2015). Costs of Ammonia Abatement: Summary, Conclusions and Policy Context. In: Reis, S., Howard, C., Sutton, M. (eds) Costs of Ammonia Abatement and the Climate Co-Benefits. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9722-1_10
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