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Epigenetics and Three Main Clinical Aspects of Breast Cancer Management

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Epigenetics Territory and Cancer

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Abstract

Breast cancer as a malignant disease is a common cancer in women worldwide. As any other malignancies there are three main aspects in the management of breast cancer: diagnosis (early detection is crucial), tumor classification/prognosis and treatment. This chapter focuses on the practical roles of epigenetic alterations (mainly DNA methylation) in these three clinical problems of breast cancer. DNA methylation signatures especially in cell free DNA in plasma or serum which originated from tumor cells, are promising tools for diagnosis and early detection of breast cancer. Also DNA methylation patterns in lymphocytes are a recent approach for breast cancer diagnosis. Epigenetic signatures in tumor tissues can classify tumors precisely and may provide new classification beyond conventional histopathological classifications. As epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation and histone deacetylation are reversible, they are appropriate targets for epidrugs (DNMT inhibitors and HDACis) in breast cancer treatment. Finally micro RNAs as another epigenetic player in carcinogenesis will have a prominent role in the different clinical aspects of breast cancer diagnosis and prognostication.

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Abbreviations

APC:

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli

5-aza:

5-azacytidine

BRCA1 gene:

Breast cancer gene 1, early onset

B-CIMP:

Breast cancer CpG island methylator phenotype

cf DNA:

Cell free DNA

DCIS:

Ductal carcinoma in situ

DFS:

Disease free survival

DNMTs:

DNA methyl transferases

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

ERα:

Estrogen receptor α

EGCG:

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate

GE:

Genistein

HDAC:

Histone deacetylases

HDACi:

Histone deacetylase inhibitors

HER2:

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

HME-1:

Human mammary epithelial-specific marker

IDC:

Invasive ductal carcinoma

LABC:

Locally advanced breast cancer

MGMT:

O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase

PRβ:

Progesterone receptor β

PB:

Peripheral blood

RAR-β:

Retinoic acid receptor-β

RASSF1A:

Ras-association domain family 1

TSA:

Trichostatin A

WBC:

White blood cells

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Pantea Izadi PhD

  2. Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Mehrdad Noruzinia MD, PhD

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  1. Pantea Izadi PhD
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  2. Mehrdad Noruzinia MD, PhD
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Correspondence to Pantea Izadi PhD .

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  1. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Genetics School Of Medicine, Tehran, Iran

    Parvin Mehdipour

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Izadi, P., Noruzinia, M. (2015). Epigenetics and Three Main Clinical Aspects of Breast Cancer Management. In: Mehdipour, P. (eds) Epigenetics Territory and Cancer. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9639-2_10

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