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Calculating Rates and Dates and Interpreting Contaminant Profiles in Biomixed Sediments

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Environmental Contaminants

Part of the book series: Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research ((DPER,volume 18))

Abstract

Contaminant profiles in well-dated sediment cores represent extremely valuable natural archives of environmental contamination, by which contaminant sources, history and cycling may be determined and contaminant concentrations in surface sediments projected into the future. However, most marine and estuarine sediments are mixed by benthic organisms to a depth of at least 2–20 cm, which introduces significant risks of misinterpreting and misapplying these archives if biomixing is not explicitly taken into account. This chapter offers a step-by-step guide to avoiding common pitfalls and appropriately applying biomixed sediment archives to reconstructing contaminant inputs to the environment. By the use of simple models, radioisotope tracers (210Pb, 137Cs) may still be applied to establish geochronologies in biomixed cores and to validate the sedimentation rates and dates derived. Having obtained (and validated) sedimentation and mixing rates for biomixed cores, contaminant profiles may then be interpreted through the further use of models in a way that explicitly accounts for mixing. As with any sediment core, the main caution when one attempts to infer contaminant releases from deposition histories reconstructed from biomixed sediment cores are the unknown possible impacts of environmental variation and change.

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Acknowledgements

We owe a debt to many colleagues but in particular John Smith and Charles Gobeil for helpful discussions that have contributed to the development of the ideas presented in this chapter. We also thank the editors and reviewers for their comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. In a paper like this, we have many supporting organizations to thank for providing the means to collect cores and to think about how to apply the records they contain to program objectives. In particular, we are deeply appreciative of the Canada Excellence Research Chair Program of NSERC for support to Z. Kuzyk while writing this chapter, and to the University of Manitoba (RM, ZK), ArcticNet (RM, ZK), Northern Contaminants Program (NCP), Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (RM, ZK), Metro Vancouver (RM, SJ), the Canadian International Polar Year (IPY) Program, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada (RM, SJ) for financial and other support during numerous sampling missions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Zou Zou A. Kuzyk & Robie W. Macdonald

  2. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, 9860 West Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, V8 L 4B2, Sidney, BC, Canada

    Robie W. Macdonald & Sophia C. Johannessen

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  1. Zou Zou A. Kuzyk
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  2. Robie W. Macdonald
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  3. Sophia C. Johannessen
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Correspondence to Zou Zou A. Kuzyk .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Jules M. Blais

  2. US Geological Survey, Carson City, Nevada, USA

    Michael R. Rosen

  3. Paleoecological Environmental Assessment & Research Lab. (PEARL), Queen's University Dept. Biology, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

    John P. Smol

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Kuzyk, Z., Macdonald, R., Johannessen, S. (2015). Calculating Rates and Dates and Interpreting Contaminant Profiles in Biomixed Sediments. In: Blais, J., Rosen, M., Smol, J. (eds) Environmental Contaminants. Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research, vol 18. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9541-8_4

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