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The Peculiar Features of Non-Photochemical Fluorescence Quenching in Diatoms and Brown Algae

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Non-Photochemical Quenching and Energy Dissipation in Plants, Algae and Cyanobacteria

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 40))

Summary

Diatoms and brown algae are major contributors to marine primary production. They are biologically diverse, with thousands of different species, and are extremely successful, occupying almost every marine ecosystem ranging from the coastal-estuarine to deep-sea regions. Their ecological success is based in part on their ability to rapidly regulate photosynthesis in response to pronounced fluctuations in their natural light environment. Regulation of light harvesting, and the use of excitation energy, is largely based on effective dissipation of excessive energy as heat. Thermal dissipation of excitation energy is assessed as non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence (NPQ). NPQ depends strongly on the conversion of xanthophylls: diadinoxanthin (Dd) to diatoxanthin (Dt) in the Dd-Dt cycle of diatoms and violaxanthin (V) to zeaxanthin (Z), via the intermediate antheraxanthin (A), in the VAZ cycle present in brown algae. Xanthophyll cycle (XC)-dependent thermal energy dissipation underlying NPQ represents one of the most important photoprotection mechanisms of diatoms and brown algae. In the present chapter, we review the biochemistry of XC enzymes with a special focus on co-substrate requirements and regulation of enzyme activity. In addition, we present a new model for the structural basis of XC-dependent NPQ in diatoms based on the latest experimental findings. In the last section, we highlight the importance of XC-dependent photoprotection for the ecological success of diatoms and brown algae in their natural environments.

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Abbreviations

A –:

Antheraxanthin;

Asc –:

Ascorbate;

Chl a – :

Chlorophyll a;

Chl a 710−712 – :

Chlorophyll a fluorescence emission band between 710 and 712 nm;

Dd –:

Diadinoxanthin;

DDE –:

Diadinoxanthin de-epoxidase;

DEP –:

Diatoxanthin epoxidase;

DES –:

Diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation state;

Dt –:

Diadinoxanthin;

DTT –:

Dithiothreitol;

FCP –:

Fucoxanthin chlorophyll protein;

FCPa, FCPb, FCPo, Fcp6 –:

Fucoxanthin chlorophyll protein complex ‘a’, fucoxanthin chlorophyll protein complex ‘b’, fucoxanthin chlorophyll protein complex ‘o’, fucoxanthin chlorophyll protein ‘6’ (=Lhcx1);

H+ –:

Protons;

HII – :

MGDG inverted hexagonal phase;

LHC –:

Light-harvesting complex;

LHC7, LHC8 –:

Light-harvesting complex protein ‘7’, light-harvesting complex protein ‘8’;

Lhcf, Lhcx –:

Light-harvesting complex protein binding fucoxanthin, light-harvesting complex protein ‘x’;

LHCSR –:

Stress-related light-harvesting complex protein (=LI818);

LI818 –:

Light-induced light-harvesting complex protein ‘818’;

MGDG –:

Monogalactosyldiacylgycerol;

MPB –:

Microphytobenthic;

Ndh –:

NAD(P)H dehydrogenase;

NPQ –:

Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence;

OEC –:

Oxygen evolving complex;

PQ –:

Plastoquinone;

PS II –:

Photosystem II;

PS II RC –:

Photosystem II reaction center;

Q1 and Q2 –:

Quenching sites 1 and 2;

qE –:

‘Energy- or pH-dependent’ quenching;

qI –:

‘Photoinhibitory’ quenching;

qT –:

‘State-transition’ quenching;

SQDG –:

Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol;

V –:

Violaxanthin;

VDE –:

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase;

XC –:

Xanthophyll cycle;

Z –:

Zeaxanthin;

ZEP –:

Zeaxanthin epoxidase;

Δ522 nm –:

Absorption change at 522 nm;

ΔpH –:

Transthylakoid proton gradient;

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Acknowledgments

JL thanks the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the UniversitĂ© de La Rochelle (ULR), the Contrat Plan Etat RĂ©gion (CPER) ‘Littoral’, the RĂ©gion Poitou-Charentes (CG17), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, grant LA2368/2-1), the Deutsche Akademische Austauschdienst (DAAD), and Egide/Campus France (grants 27377TB and 28992UA) for their financial support. RG thanks the DFG (grants Go818/6-1, Go818/7-1) for its financial support. The two authors thank B. Lepetit for his help building and drawing the model of Fig. 20.2. JL dedicates this work to his mentors Pr. J.-C. Duval and Dr. A.-L. Etienne.

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  1. UMR 7266 ‘LIENSs, CNRS/University of La Rochelle, Institute for Coastal Research and Environment (ILE), 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, La Rochelle cedex, 17000, France

    Johann Lavaud

  2. Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, Leipzig, 04103, Germany

    Reimund Goss

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  1. Johann Lavaud
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  2. Reimund Goss
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Correspondence to Johann Lavaud .

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  1. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA

    Barbara Demmig-Adams

  2. Laboratory of Photosynthetic Membranes Biological Research Center, Institute of Plant Biology Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary

    Gyozo Garab

  3. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

    William Adams III

  4. Department of Plant Biology 265 Morrill Hall, MC-116, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

    Govindjee

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Lavaud, J., Goss, R. (2014). The Peculiar Features of Non-Photochemical Fluorescence Quenching in Diatoms and Brown Algae. In: Demmig-Adams, B., Garab, G., Adams III, W., Govindjee, . (eds) Non-Photochemical Quenching and Energy Dissipation in Plants, Algae and Cyanobacteria. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 40. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_20

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