Abstract
Leadership is a concept that has been discussed since the beginning of history. Even though there have been many theories in the field accepting leadership’s role in bringing order, chaotic aspects of leadership are generally neglected. This chapter aims to examine the leadership beyond an orderly interpretation of universe. For this purpose, Third Reich period and leadership during this period will be examined. Ian Kershaw’s “Working Towards Führer” concept provides a unique understanding of leadership concept. It goes beyond the dualist depiction of Third Reich, it does not state Adolf Hitler as an all powerful dictator, or a weak one. Rather, he expresses that due to the conditions in the Third Reich, Adolf Hitler was both of this. This complex situation can be understood deeper when it is examined through the lens of chaos theory. This study contributes to the field by being the first in using chaos theory for examining “Working Towards Führer” concept and its development. Seemingly orderly nature of synchronization process and its vortex will be shown. Adolf Hitler’s storm spot position in the chaotic system and its dynamics are explained. War’s entropic power and its effect on the downfall of the system is crucial in understanding this unique chaotic system. The chaotic pattern of “Working Towards Führer” offers an opportunity to analyze the complexities of the leadership concept.
Führer: A leader especially one exercising the powers of a dictator applied especially to Adolf Hitler’s ruling
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akdeniz, G. (2011). Kara Kefali. İstanbul: Everest Yayınları.
Armaoğlu, F. (1999). 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi. İstanbul: İş Bankası Yayınları.
Bartov, O. (2001). The Eastern front 1941–1945, German troops, and the barbarisation of warfare. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. (2008). Bass handbook of leadership. New York: Free Press.
Beevor, A. (1999). Stalingrad. London: Penguin.
Bellamy, C. (2007). Absolute war. Essex: Pan Books.
Belfield, E., & Essame, H. (1983). The battle for Normandy. London: Pan Books.
Bernadotte, F. (2009). Last days of the Third Reich. Doncaster: Frontline Books.
Black, J. (2003). Dretnot, Tank ve Uçak: Modern Çağda Savaş Sanatı. İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi.
Black, J. (2010). Age of total war. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Black, J. S., & Porter, L. W. (2000). Management: meeting new challenges. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall.
Bullock, A. (1991). A study in Tyranny. UK: Harper Perennial.
Bullock, A. (1993). Hitler and Stalin: Parallel lives. UK: Vintage Books.
Bryman, A. (1992). Charisma & leadership. London: Sage Publications.
Cakar, U. (2011). Inherent chaos in the organizational order: An epistemological approach. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 3(1), 391–405.
Cakar, U., & Alakavuklar, O. N. (2013). Chaotic essence inside the organizational reality. In S. Banerjee (Ed.), Handbook of chaos and complexity theory for management: Nonlinear dynamics (pp. 145–161). IGI Global. Hershey: Business Science Reference.
Cesarani, D. (2007). Becoming Eichmann: Rethinking the life, crimes, and trial of a “desk murderer”. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.
Collingham, L. (2012). The taste of war: World War Two and the battle for food. London: Penguin Books.
Conway, J. S. (1997). The Nazi persecution of the churches: 1933–1945. Vancouver: Regent College Publishing.
Corelli, B. (1989). Hitler’s generals. London: Quill.
Davies, N. (1998). European history. UK: Harper Perennial.
Dear, I. C. B., & Foot, M. R. D. (2005). The Oxford companion to World War II. Italy: Oxford University Press.
Dobry, M. (2006). Hitler, charisma and structure: Reflections on historical methodology. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 7(2), 157–171.
Durschmied, E. (2011). The hinge factor: How chance and stupidity have changed history. New York: Arcade Publishing.
Eatwell, R. (2006). The concept and theory of charismatic leadership. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 7(2), 141–156.
Eberle, H., & Uhl, M. (2006). The Hitler book. London: John Murray.
Elstob, P. (1968). Bastogne: The road block. London: Macdonald Publishers.
Eren, E. (2012). Örgütsel Davranış ve Yönetim Psikolojisi. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım.
Evans, R. J. (2004). The coming of the Third Reich. London: Penguin.
Evans, R. J. (2006). The Third Reich in power. London: Penguin.
Evans, R. J. (2010). The Third Reich at war. London: Penguin.
Fox, J. P. (1979). Adolf Hitler: Continuing debate. International Affairs, 55(2), 252–264.
Gleick, J. (1985, November 12). Jupiter’s baffling red spot loses some of its mystery. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/12/science/jupiter-s-baffling-red-spot-loses-some-of-its-mystery.html.
Gleick, J. (1997). Kaos. Ankara: Tübitak Yayınları. http://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/12/science/jupiter-s-baffling-red-spot-loses-some-of-its-mystery.html.
Goebbles, J. (1984). Goebbels Diaries: 1939–1941. London: Penguin Books.
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2002). Primal leadership. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Guderian, H. (2002). Panzer leader. New York: Da Capo Press.
Hacip, Y. H. (2006). Kutadgu Bilig. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
Haffner, S. (2001). Hitler Üzerine Notlar. İstanbul: Gendaş Kültür.
Hanfstaengl, E. P. (1994). Hitler: The missing years. New York: Arcade Publishing.
Hart, B. L. (2007). History of Second World War. New York: Konecky and Konecky.
Herf, J. (2008). Post-totalitarian narratives in Germany: Reflections on two dictatorships after 1945 and 1989. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 9(2–3), 161–186.
History. (2004). The World at War (30th Anniversary ed.). New York: A&E Video.
Hitler, A. (1971). Mein Kampf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Hobsbawm, E. (1994). The age of extremes. New York: Vintage Books.
Jukes, G. (1968). Stalingrad: The turning point. London: Macdonald Publishers.
Jukes, G. (2002). The Second World War: The Eastern front. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
Kallis, A. (2006). Nazi propaganda and “coordination”: The haphazard path to totalitarianism. European Review of History, 13(1), 115–139.
Kallis, A. (2009). Nazi propaganda decision-making: The hybrid of ‘modernity’ and ‘neo-feudalism’ in Nazi wartime propaganda. Portuguese Journal of Social Science, 8(1), 61–84.
Keegan, J. (1989). The Second World War. London: Pimlico.
Kershaw, I. (2000). Hitler: 1889–1936 Hubris. New York: W. & W. Norton Company.
Kershaw, I. (2001). Hitler: 1936–1945 Nemesis. New York: W. & W. Norton Company.
Kershaw, I. (2002). Popular opinion & political dissent in the Third Reich, Bavaria 1933–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kershaw, I. (2003). “Working towards the Führer”: Reflection on the nature of Hitler dictatorship. In I. Kershaw & M. Lewin (Eds.), Stalinism & Nazism Dictatorships in comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kershaw, I., & Lewin, M. (2003). Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kershaw, I. (2004). Hitler and uniqueness of Nazism. Journal of Contemporary History, 39(2), 239–254.
Kershaw, I. (2008). Hitler, the Germans and the final solution. London: Yale University Press.
Kershaw, I. (2011). The end: The defiance and destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1944–1945. New York: Penguin.
Koçel, T. (2011). İşletme Yöneticiliği. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
Langer, W. C. (2002). Hitler’in Psikopatolojisi. İstanbul: Don Kişot Yayınları.
Leasor, J. (1962). Rudolf Hess: The uninvited envoy. London: Allen & Unwin.
Lepsius, M. R. (2006). The model of charismatic leadership and its applicability to the rule of Adolf Hitler. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 7(2), 175–190.
Macksey, K. (1968). Panzer division. London: Pan Books.
Macksey, K. (1991). Tank versus tank. New York: Crescent.
Mantran, R. (2007). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi 1–2. İstanbul: Alkım Yayınevi.
Manvell, R. (1972). The conspirators: 20th July 1944. London: Ballantine Books.
Mazower, M. (2009). Hitler’s empire: Nazi rule in occupied Europe. London: Penguin.
McElligott, A., Kirk, T., & Kershaw, I. (2003). Working towards the Führer: Essays in honor of Sir Ian Kershaw. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Meindl, J. R., Ehrlich, S. B., & Dukerich, J. M. (1985). The romance of leadership. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 78–102.
Montefiore, S. S. (2005). Stalin: Court of the red tsar. New York: Vintage Books.
Mühlenfeld, D. (2010). Between state and part: Position and function of the Gau propaganda leader in national socialist leadership. German History, 28(2), 167–192.
Nolzen, A. (2005). Charismatic legitimation and bureaucratic rule: The NSDAP in the Third Reich 1933–1945. German History, 4(3), 494–518.
Overy, R. (2000). Goering: The iron man. London: Weidenfield & Nicholson.
Read, A. (2005). The devil’s disciples. New York: Norton Books.
Rees, L. (1999). The Nazis: A warning from history. UK: New Press.
Rees, L. (2012). The dark charisma of Adolf Hitler. London: Ebury Press.
Ribard, A. (1983). İnsanlığın Tarihi. İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
Roberts, G. (2012). Stalin’s general: The life of Georgy Zhukov. UK: Random House.
Ruelle, D. (1990). Rastlantı ve Kaos. Ankara: Tübitak Yayınları.
Ryback, T. W. (2010). Hitler’s private library. London: Vintage Books.
Salisbury, H. (2003). 900 days: The siege of Leningrad. New York: Da Capo Press.
Schleunes, K. A. (1990). The twisted road to Auschwitz: Nazi policy toward German Jews, 1933–39. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Shirer, W. (1991). The rise and fall of Third Reich. USA: Ballantine Books.
Sim, S. (2011). The Routledge companion to post modernism. Abingdon: Routledge.
Speer, A. (2009). Inside the Third Reich. USA: Ishi Press.
Strawson, J. (2003). Hitler as military commander. UK: Pen & Sword.
Thames Television. (1974). World at war documentary-episode 21-nemesis. UK: Thames Television.
Thompson, R. W. (1968). D-Day spearhead of invasion. Riverside: MacDonald.
Toland, J. (1991). Adolf Hitler: The definitive biography. Romulus: Agnos.
Toland, J. (1999). Battle: The story of the Bulge. Knoxville: Bison Books.
Trevor-Roper, H. (2000). Hitler’s table talk: 1941–1944. His private conversations. Canada: Enigma Books.
Trevor-Roper, H. (2008). Final entries 1945: The diaries of Joseph Goebbels. Riverside: Pen and Sword.
Weinberg, G. L. (2006). Hitler’s second book. New York: Enigma Book.
Winchester, J. (2003). Tanks and armoured fighting vehicles of WWII. London: Silverdale Books.
Wistrich, R. S. (2002). Who’s who in Nazi Germany. London: Routledge.
Zhukov, G. K. (1971). The memoirs of Marshal Zhukov. London: Jonathan Cape.
Ziemke, E. F. (1968). Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich. London: Macdonald Publishers.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cakar, U. (2014). Working Towards Führer: A Chaotic View. In: Banerjee, S., Erçetin, Ş., Tekin, A. (eds) Chaos Theory in Politics. Understanding Complex Systems. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8691-1_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8691-1_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-8690-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-8691-1
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)