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Pesticide Toxicity to Silkworms: Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Assessment Methodologies

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Pesticide Toxicity to Non-target Organisms

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Abstract

Sericulture is an important occupation and a source of income especially for land less poor people. Silk is used not only for making excellent clothes but also in wound dressings, surgical sutures, artificial skin and tendons. Silk proteins are used in medicine, cosmetics, food and feed etc. Silkworms are affected by pesticides in many different ways. Pesticides may cause acute toxicity or sublethal effects leading to the impairment of silk production and quality. Pesticides cause retardation of growth and development of larva, spinning ability of lava, fecundity of moth etc. Many IGRs are reported to cause a ‘non-spinning syndrome’ and dauer larva even at very low concentrations. Silkworms are exposed to pesticides mainly through leaf contamination and thus leaf contamination bioassays are used extensively for pesticide toxicity studies. Unlike other non-target assays, expressing the pesticide amount as quantity per weight of food is more realistic in case of silkworms than quantity per pesticide solution. Bioassays with pesticides applied as quantitative spray on leaves, leaf disc, leaf sandwich, artificial diet etc can quantify the amount of pesticide actually taken by the silkworms. Bioassays on sublethal toxicity on food utilization, growth and development, spinning and cocoon quality, fecundity and hatching, effects on enzymes and hormones and genotoxicity are being conducted. Risk of pesticide exposure to silkworms can be done by classifying the pesticides based on acute toxicity, comparing the toxicity of pest (mulberry pest) and beneficial (silkworm), by calculating predicted exposure/environmental concentration (PEC) and no effect concentration (PNEC), sequential testing, strain susceptibility distribution, Hazard concentration 5 %, etc.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture, Almora, Uttarakhand, India

    Johnson Stanley

  2. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Floriculture Research Station, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India

    Gnanadhas Preetha

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Stanley, J., Preetha, G. (2016). Pesticide Toxicity to Silkworms: Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Assessment Methodologies. In: Pesticide Toxicity to Non-target Organisms. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7752-0_4

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