Abstract
This chapter has as its focus an iconic image taken in 1897 to commemorate the first graduating class of a school established for “native” girls in Hawaiʻi. The author brings to the reading of the image a more nuance and complicated way of seeing the commemoration. She foregrounds rather than dismisses the refractions of its framing by focusing on the discourses that are gathered in the image. In her reading the author takes into consideration the photographic practice to which it submits.
For the status of the photograph as record was not given or technologically guaranteed; it had to be produced(Tagg 2009, p. 14).
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Notes
- 1.
At the time of the writing of this chapter a digital image of the school picture was available on the Kamehameha School Archives Web site. As noted in the preceding chapter, Kamehameha School opened in 1887, it was built under the terms of the Will of Bernice Pauahi Paki Bishop, the great-granddaughter of King Kamehameha who united the islands under his rule in 1810, and the inheritor of the Kamehameha family estates totaling 369,699 acres of land. The landholdings of the Kamehameha chiefs were consolidated into the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate and the revenues generated from the estate were to be used to fund the establishment and maintenance of Kamehameha School. As a descendent of Kamehameha, Pauahi was entitled to an education in a Protestant mission-run boarding school along with other children of her status. The Will of Pauahi named five trustees and directed them “to erect and maintain in the Hawaiian Islands two schools, each for boarding and day scholars, one for boys and one for girls, to be known as, and called the Kamehameha Schools.” She indicated a “preference to Hawaiians of pure or part aboriginal blood[.] . . . and a desire that her trustees “provide first and chiefly a good education in common English branches, and also instruction in morals and in such useful knowledge as may tend to make good and industrious men and women; and I desire instruction in the higher branches to be subsidiary to the foregoing objects” (Will, Article 13). The first of these schools, the Kamehameha School for Boys opened in 1887; and in 1894, the school for girls was built. Today, Kamehameha School is a private co-educational college preparatory institution believed to have the largest endowment (about 9 billion) of any primary and secondary school in the United States. It remains the largest private landowner in the state of Hawaiʻi.
- 2.
The Will of Pauahi named five trustees, her husband Charles Bishop, and missionary descendants of wealth and power Samuel M. Damon, Charles M. Hyde, Charles M. Cooke, and William O. Smith.
- 3.
Judith Fryer Davidov, “Containment and Excess: Representing African Americans” in Women’s Camera Work Self/Body/Other in American Visual Culture , p. 157.
- 4.
Weigley has stated, “home economics courses were given under varying names such as domestic science, home science, household administration, household economics, household management, domestic economy and other variations” on the same theme.
- 5.
Kamehameha Schools, First Catalogue Kamehameha School for Girls Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands 1897–1898. Ida M. Pope (1915) “Early History” in The Friend specifies a higher limit of 80 pupils.
- 6.
I am thinking of the first 20 years of Bryn Mawr College and the vision and policies formulated by Carey Thomas. As noted by Wein, “The college represented a clear departure from traditional female educational institutions which sought to mold wives and mothers whose intellects would be subservient to domestic preoccupations” (1974, p. 38).
- 7.
In 1810 the Hawaiian Islands had established a monarchical government by King Kamehameha I who ruled the islands until his death in 1819.
- 8.
The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions opened a school at Cornwall, Connecticut for the instruction of Indian and Hawaiian youth.
- 9.
See Hoffert (1995).
- 10.
I want to thank Craig Howes for introducing me to this term.
- 11.
Subsequently referenced as First Catalogue.
- 12.
The Friend was a monthly publication that was published by the Hawaiian Evangelical Association of Congregational Christian Churches.
- 13.
See note 5.
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Tavares, H.M. (2016). Bereavement. In: Pedagogies of the Image. SpringerBriefs in Education. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7619-6_3
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