Skip to main content

Reproductive strategy of annual agrestals

  • Chapter
Biology and ecology of weeds

Part of the book series: Geobotany ((GEOB,volume 2))

Abstract

Agrestals are plant species adapted to stands with frequent soil disturbance. Annuals are therefore the prevailing life form. They are nearly exclusively reproduced by seeds*. The characteristics of seed production, germination biology, and so on, are therefore most important for the understanding of the biology of weeds and the most important features of a weed species for agriculturists. Rich literature therefore deals with our topic, which cannot be treated here in an exhaustive way. Please refer to supplementary literature, e.g. Salisbury (1942), King (1966), Anderson (1968), Barton (1962), Thurston (1960); much modern information can also be found in Harper (1977). In this book especially Chapters 1, 2, 7, 14, 23 and 31 offer information additional or marginal to our chapter. We have to presume that our readers are familiar with the general aspects of germination biology (see e.g. Heydecker 1972; Kozlowski 1972; Roberts 1972).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Andersen, R.N. (1968). Germination and establishment of weeds for experimental purposes. W.H. Humphrey Press. Inc. Geneva, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, H.G. (1972). Seed weight in relation to environmental conditions in California. Ecology 53: 997–1010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barton, L.V. (1962). The germination of weed seeds. Weeds 10: 174–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baskin, J.M. and C C Baskin (1976). High temperature requirement for afterripening in seeds of winter annuals. New Phytol. 77: 619–624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baskin, J.M. and C C Baskin (1977). Role of temperature in the germination ecology of three summer annual weeds. Oecologia 30: 377–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bassett, I.J. and C.W. Crompton (1978). The biology of Canadian weeds. 32. Chenopodium album L. Can. J. Pl. Sci. 58: 1061–1072.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beaugé, A. (1974). Chenopodium album et ses mystères. Bull. Soc. Linn Prov. 27: 31–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Best, K.F. and G.I. Mc Intyre (1975). The biology of Canadian weeds. 9. Thlaspi arvense L. Can.J.P1.Sci. 55: 279–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burrows, F.M. (1973). Calculation of the primary trajectories of plumed seeds in steady winds with variable convection. New Phytol. 72: 647–664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavers, P.B. and J.L. Harper (1966). Germination polymorphism in Rumex crispas and R umex obtusifolius. J. Ecol. 54: 367–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Courtney, A.D. (1968). Seed dormancy and field emergence in Polygonum aviculare. J. Appl. Ecol. 5: 675–683.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubey, P.S. and L.P. Mall (1972). Ecology of germination of weed seeds. I. Role of temperature and depth of burial in soil. Oecologia 10: 105–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumas, E., J. Monin and C. Arnal (1976). Predetermination of dormancy in the seeds of Capsella bursa-pastoris at the time of seed dispersal. In: Comp. Rend. VE Coll. Intern. Ecol. Biol. Mauv. Herbes, Dijon 1976: 311–318 (cit. Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Egley, G.H. and J.M. Chandler (1978). Germination and viability of weed seeds after 2,5 years in a 50-year buried seed study. Weed Sci. 26: 230–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, R.A. and P.B. Cavers (1975). The ecology of pigweeds (Amaranthus) in Ontario. 1. Interspecific and intraspecific variation in seed germination among local collections Of A. powellii and A. retroflexus. Can. J. Bot. 53: 1276–1284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, J.L. (1977). Population biology of plants. Acad. Press, London-New York-San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, J.L., J.T. Williams and G.R. Sagar (1965). The behaviour of seeds in soil. Part I. The heterogenity of soil surfaces and its role in determining the establishment of plants from seed. J. Ecol. 53: 273–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, J.L., P.H. Lovel and K.G. Moor (1970). The shapes and sizes of seeds. Ann. Rev. of Ecol. and Syst. 1: 327–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, J.F. (1972). Seed storage and longevity. In: Seed biology, Vol. III (ed. by Kozlowski). Acad. Press, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, I. (1972). Secondary succession of herbaceous communities in Japan. Jap. J. Ecol. 27: 191–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henson, I.E. (1970). The effects of light, potassium nitrate and temperature on the germination of Chenopodium album L. Weed Res. 10: 27–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heydecker, W. (ed.) (1973). Seed ecology. London, Butter-worths. 578 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holm, L.-R.G., D.L. Plucknett, J.V. Pancho and J.P. Herberger (1977). The world’s worst weeds. Univ. Press Hawaii, Honolulu. 609 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holzner, W. (1981). Ackerunkräuter. Stocker Verlag, Graz (Austria).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurka, H. and K. Wöhrmann (1977). Analyse der genetischen Variabilität natürlicher Populationen von Capsella bursapastoris (Brassicaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 98: 120–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, J.G.M. (1974). Simulation of germination of winter annuals in relation to microclimate and microdistribution. Oecol. 14: 197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karssen, C.M. (1970). The light promoted germination of the seeds of Chenopodium album L. V. Dark reactions regulating quantity and rate of the response to red light. Acta Bot. Neerl. 19: 187–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasahara, Y. (1972). Weeds of Japan illustrated - seeds, seedlings and plants. Yökendô Ltd., Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellmann, M.C. (1974). The viable weed seed content of some tropical agricultural soils. J. Appl. Ecol. 11: 669–677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kigel, J., M. Ofir and D. Koller (1977). Control of the germination responses of Amaranthus retroflexus L. seeds by their parental photothermal environment. J. Exp. Bot. 28: 1125–1136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, L.V. (1966). Weeds of the world. Interscience Publishers, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kivilaan, A. and R.S. Bandurski (1975). The ninety-year period for Dr. Beal’s seed viability experiment. Amer. J. Bot. 60: 141–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klebesadel, L.J. (1969). Life cycles of field pennycress in the subarctic as infuenced by time of seed germination. Weed Sci. 17: 563–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, W. (1969). Einfluß von Umweltfaktoren auf die Samenphase annueller Unkräuter insbesondere unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Unkrautbekämpfung. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski, T.T. (ed.) (1972). Seed Biology. Vol. 1–3. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurth, H. (1975). Chemische Unkrautbekämpfung. VEB Gustav Fischer, Jena.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laudien, H. (1972). Beiträge zur Biologie, Ökologie, wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung and Verbreitung der Schadhirsen Echinochloa crus-galli L., Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop., Setaria glauca L. and Setaria viridis L. in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Diss. Univ. Hohenheim.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauer, E. (1953). Ãœber die Keimtemperatur von Ackerunkräutern and deren Einfluß auf die Zusammensetzung von Unkrautgesellschaften. Flora 140: 551–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, R.A. (1948). Biological flora of the Britisch Isles. Sonchus L. (S. oleraceus L. and S. asper (L.) Hill). J. Ecol. 36: 203–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linhart, Y.B. (1976). Density-dependent seed germination strategies in colonizing versus non-colonizing plant species. J. Ecol. 64: 375–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monaghan, N. (1979). The biology of Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense). Weed Res. 19: 261–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R.J. (1975). The biology of Canadian weeds. 13. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Can. J. Pl. Sci. 55: 1033–1048.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulligan, G.A. and J.N. Findlay (1974). The biology of Canadian weeds. 3. Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis, and C. pubes-cens. Can. J. Pl. Sci. 54: 149–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • New, J.K. (1978). Change and stability of clines in Spergula arvensis L. (corn spurrey) after 20 years. Watsonia 12: 137–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, E.I. (1963). Factors controling the germination date of winter annuals. J. Ecol. 51: 625–638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Numata, M. and S. Asano (1969). Biological flora of Japan. Tsukiji Shokan, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, S. (1965). Germination of ancient seeds. Floristical observations and experiments with archaeologically dated soil samples. Dan. Bot. Ark. 24: 1–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, S. (1974). Seeds in ruderal soils, their longevity and contribution to the flora of disturbed ground in Denmark. Proc. 12th Brit. Weed Contr. Conf. 1974: 1131–1144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, S. (1978). Dormant seeds in Danish ruderal soils, an experimental study of relations between seed bank and pioneer flora. Royal Vet. & Agric. Univ., Horsholm Arboretum. 246 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popay, A.I. and B.H. Roberts (1970). Ecology of Capsella bursapastoris (L.) Medik and Senecio vulgaris L. in relation to germination behaviour. J. Ecol. 58: 123–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishnan, P.S. and P. Kapoor (1974). Photoperiodic requirements of seasonal populations of Chenopodium album. J. Ecol. 62: 67–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, E.H. (1972). Viability of seeds. Chapman and Hall Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, H.A. and P.M. Feast (1972). Fate of seeds of some annual weeds in different depths of cultivated and undisturbed soil. Weed Res. 12: 316–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, H.A. and P.M. Feast (1973). Emergence and longevity of seeds of annual weeds in cultivated and undisturbed soil. J. Appl. Ecol. 10: 133–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, H.A. and F.G. Stokes (1965). Studies on the weeds of vegetable crops. V. Final observations on an experiment with different primary cultivations. J. Appl. Ecol. 2: 307–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, H.A. and F.G. Stokes (1969). Studies on the weeds of vegetable crops. VI. Seed populations of soil under commercial cropping. J. Appl. Ecol. 3: 181–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roeb, L. (1977). Der Einfluß des Lichtes auf die Keimung von Unkrautsamen. Z.f.Pflkrankh. Sonderheft 8: 165–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagar, G.R. and J.L. Harper (1960). Factors affecting the germination and early estalishment of plantains (Plantago lanceolata, P. media and P. major). In: The biology of weeds, J.L. Harper (ed.), Blackwell Scient. Publ. Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salisbury, E.J. (1942). The reproductive capacity of plants. Bell, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salisbury, E.J. (1961). Weeds and aliens. Collins, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, J.C. (1974). The behaviour of seeds in soil. 3. The influence of seed morphology and the behaviour of seedlings on the establishment of plants from surface-lying seeds. J. Ecol. 62: 47–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, J.C. and F.M. Burrows (1973). The dispersal effectiveness of the achene-pappus units of selected compositae in steady winds with convection. New Phytol. 72: 665–675.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, J.C. and J.T. Lawrence (1973). Apparatus to measure the rate of fall of wind-dispersed seeds. New Phytol. 72: 677–6680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, O.A. (1957). Weights of seeds and number per plant. Weeds 5: 46–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stilwell, E.K. and R.D. Sweet (1975). Germination, growth and flowering of shepherdspurse ecotypes. In: Proc. Northeast. Weed Sci. Soc., New York City 1975: 148–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, P.A. (1973). Effects of cultivation on the germination character of the corn cockle (Agrostemma githago L.). Ann. Bot. 37: 133–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, P.A. (1973). The effects of geographical dispersal by man on the evolution of physiological races of the corncockle (Agrostemma githago L.); Ann. Bot. 37: 413–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, P.A. (1973). Geographical adaptions of seeds. In: Seed Ecol., Proc. 19th East. Sch. Agr. Sci. 1972: 31–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thurston, J.M. (1960). Dormancy in weed seeds. In: The biology of weeds, J.L. Harper (ed.), Blackwell Scient. Publ. Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tonkin, J.H.B. and A. Phillipson (1973). The presence of weed seeds in cereal seed drills in England and Wales during spring 1970. J. Nat. Inst. Agr. Bot. 13: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Pijl, L. (1972). Principles of dispersal in higher plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Vengris, J. (1963). The effect of time of seeding on growth and development of rough pigweed and yellow foxtail. Weeds 11: 48–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, Y. and F. Hirokawa (1975). Requirement of temperature conditions in germination of annual weed seeds and its relation to seasonal distribution of emergence in the field. Proc. 5th Asian-Pac. Weed Sci. Soc. Conf., Tokyo 1975, 38–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, Y. and K. Hirokawa (1975). (Ecological studies on the germination and emergence of annual weeds. 3. Changes in emergence and viable seeds in cultivated and uncultivated soil). Weed Res. (Japan) 19: 14–19. (cit. Weed Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Willams, J.T. (1966). Variation in the germination of several Cirsium species. Trop. Ecol. 7: 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.T. and J.L. Harper (1965). Seed polymorphism and germination. I. The influence of nitrates and low temperatures on the germination of Chenopodium album. Weed Res. 5: 141–150.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R.D. and G.H. Egley (1978). Comparison of standing vegetation with the soil seed population. In: Abstr. 1977 Meet. Weed Sci. Soc. Amer.: 79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zohary, D. (1969). The progenitors of wheat and barley in relation to domestication and agricultural dispersal in the old world. In: The domestication of plants and animals, Ucko, P.J. & G.W. Dimbleby (eds.), pp. 47–66. Duckworth, London.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Holzner, W., Hayashi, I., Glauninger, J. (1982). Reproductive strategy of annual agrestals. In: Holzner, W., Numata, M. (eds) Biology and ecology of weeds. Geobotany, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0916-3_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0916-3_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-8519-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-0916-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics