Dynamics of Galactic Cosmic Rays

Abstract

The cosmic radiation incident at the top of the terrestrial atmosphere includes all stable charged particles and nuclei with lifetimes of order 10⁶ years or longer. Technically, “primary” cosmic rays are those particles accelerated at astrophysical sources and “secondaries” are those particles produced in interaction of the primaries with interstellar gas. Thus, electrons, protons and helium, as well as carbon, oxygen, iron and other nuclei synthesized in stars, are primaries. Nuclei such as lithium, beryllium, and boron (which are not abundant end products of stellar nucleosynthesis) are secondaries. Antiprotons and positrons are partly, if not entirely, secondaries, but the fraction of these particles that may be primary is a question of current interest.