Abstract
Respiratory infections are the most frequent clinical problems encountered in acute childhood medicine. In this chapter we will discuss the more common severe bacterial infections of the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbott, G.D. and Faoagali, J.L.: H. influenzae type 6 resistant to ampicillin. New Zealand Medical Journal 86: 301 (1977).
Ablow, R.C.; Driscoll, S.G.; Effman, E.L.; Gross, I.; Jolies, C.J.; Uauy, R. and Warshaw, J.D.: A comparison of early-onset group B streptococcal neonatal infection and the respiratory-distress syndrome of the newborn. New England Journal of Medicine 294: 65–70 (1976).
Addington, W.W.; Agarwal, M.K. and Banner, A.S.: Toward shorter-course antituberculosis chemotherapy. Chest 71: 565 (1977).
Agbim, O.G.: A comparative trial of doxycycline and ampicillin in the treatment of acute sinusitis. Chemotherapy 21 (Suppl. 1): 68–75 (1975).
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Drugs: Requiem for tetracyclines. Pediatrics 55: 142–143 (1975).
American Thoracic Society: Guidelines for work for patients with tuberculosis. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 108: 160–161 (1973).
American Thoracic Society: Treatment of mycobacterial diseases. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 115: 185–187 (1977).
Axelsson, A. and Brorson, J.-E.: Concentrations of antibiotics in sinus secretions: Doxycycline and spiramycin. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 82: 44–48 (1973).
Axelsson, A. and Brorson, J.-E.: Concentrations of antibiotics in sinus secretions: Ampicillin, cephradine and erythromycin estolate. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 83: 323–332 (1974).
Badr-El-Din, M.K.; Aref, G.H.; Kassem, A.S.; Abdel-Moneim, M.A. and Abbassy, A.A.: A betaadrenergic receptor stimulant, salbutamol, in the treatment of pertussis. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79: 218–219 (1976a).
Badr-El-Din, M.K.; Aref, G.H.; Mazloum, H.; El-Towesy, Y.A.; Kassem, A.S.; Abdel-Moneim, M.A. and Abbassy, A.A.: The beta-adrenergic receptors in pertussis. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79: 213–217 (1966).
Balagtas, R.C.; Nelson, K.E.; Levin, S. and Gotoff, S.P.: Treatment of pertussis with pertussis immune globulin. Journal of Pediatrics 79: 203–208 (1971).
Baraff, L.J.; Wilkins, J. and Wehrle, P.F.: The role of antibiotics, immunizations and adenoviruses in pertussis. Pediatrics 61: 224–230 (1978).
Barrett-Connor, E.: The nonvalue of sputum culture in the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 103: 845–848 (1971).
Bartlett, J.G.; Alexander, J.; Mayhew, J.; Sullivan-Sigler, N. and Gorbach, S.L.: Should fiberoptic bron-choscopy aspirates be cultured? American Review of Respiratory Diseases 114: 73–78 (1976).
Bass, J.W.; Klenk, E.L.; Kotheimer, J.B.; Linnemann, C.C. and Smith, M.H.D.: Antimicrobial treatment of pertussis. Journal of Pediatrics 75: 768–781 (1969).
Bass, J.W.; Podgore, J.K. and Fischer, G.W.: Techniques for recovery of B. pertussis on culture. Journal of Pediatrics 87: 670–671 (1975).
Bass, J.W.; Steele, R.W. and Wiebe, R.A.: Acute epiglottitis — a surgical emergency. Journal of the American Medical Association 229: 671–675 (1974).
Bates, J.H. and Stead, W.W.: Effect of chemotherapy on infectiousness of tuberculosis. New England Journal of Medicine 290: 459–460 (1974).
Battaglia, J.D. and Lockhart, C.H.: Management of acute epiglottitis by nasotracheal intubation. American Journal of Diseases of Children 129: 334–336 (1975).
Baxter, J.D.: Acute epiglottitis in children. Laryngoscope 77: 1358–1367 (1967).
Bechamps, G.J.; Lynn, H.B. and Wenzl, J.E.: Empyema in children: Review of Mayo Clinic experience. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 45: 43–50 (1970).
Beem, M.O. and Saxon, E.M.: Respiratory-tract colonization and a distinctive pneumonia syndrome in in-fants infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. N. Engl. J. Med. 296: 306–310 (1977a).
Beem, M.O. and Saxon, E.M.: Uncertainties in the treatment of chlamydial infections in infants. New England Journal of Medicine 296: 1124 (1977b).
Bell, S.M. and Smith, D.D.: Quantitative throat swab culture in the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Lancet 2: 61–63 (1976).
Benjamin, B. and Dorman, D.: Acute otitis media. Medical Journal of Australia I: 491–494 (1977).
Berenberg, W. and Kevy, S.: Acute epiglottitis in childhod. A serious emergency readily recognized at the bedside. New England Journal of Medicine 258: 870–874 (1958).
Bland, R.D.: Otitis media in the first six weeks of life: Diagnosis, bacteriology and management. Pediatrics 49: 187–197 (1972).
Bluestone, C.D. and Beery, Q.C.: Concepts on the pathogenesis of middle ear effusions. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 83 (Suppl. 25): 182–186 (1976).
Bluestone, C.D. and Shurin, P.A.: Middle ear disease in children. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Pediatric Clinics of North America 21: 379–400 (1974).
Branefors-Helander, P. and Jeppsson, P.-H.: Acute epiglottitis: A clinical, bacteriological and serological study. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 7: 103–1 I I (1975).
Breese, B.B.; Disney, F.A.; Talpey, W. and Green, J.D.: Beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection: The clinical and epidemiologic importance of the number of organisms found in cultures. American Journal of Diseases of Children 119: 18–26 (1970).
Brewin, A.; Arango, L.; Hadley, W.K. and Murray, J.F.: High-dose penicillin therapy and pneumococcal pneumonia. Journal of the American Medical Association 230: 409–413 (1974).
Brickman, H.F.; Beaudry, P.H. and Marks, M.I.: The timing of tuberculin tests in relation to immunization with live viral vaccines. Pediatrics 55: 392–396 (1975).
British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association: Short course chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. Lancet I: 119–124 (1975)
British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association: Short course chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. Lancet 2: 1 102–1 104 (1976).
Brook, I.; Anthony, B. and Finegold, S.M.: Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of acute otitis media in children. Paper presented to the 16th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, Illinois, October 28, 1976.
Cameron, G.C.; Pomahac, A.C. and Johnston, M.T.: Comparative efficacy of ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in otitis media. Canadian Medical Association Journal 112 (Suppl.): 87S (1975).
Carenfelt, C.; Eneroth, C.-M.; Lundberg, C. and Wretlind, B.: Evaluation of the antibiotic effect of treat-ment of maxillary sinusitis. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 7: 259–264 (1975).
Carr, D.T.: Diagnostic studies of pleural fluid. Surgical Clinics of North America 53: 801–804 (1973).
Cattaneo, S.M. and Kilman, J.W.: Surgical therapy of empyema in children. Archives of Surgery 106: 564–567 (1973).
Caughey, J.E.: Pleuropericardial lesion in Q-fever. British Medical Journal I: 1447 (1977).
Center for Disease Control, US Public Health Service: Chloramphenicol-resistant Haemophilus in/luenzae. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 25: 267
Center for Disease Control, US Public Health Service: Chloramphenicol-resistant Haemophilus in/luenzae. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 385 (1976).
Ceruti. E.; Conteras, J. and Neira, M.: Staphylococcal pneumonia in childhood. Long-term follow-up including pulmonary function studies. Am. J. Dis. Child. 122: 386–392 (1971).
Chamovitz, R.; Catanzaro. F.J.; Stetson, C.A. and Rammelkamp, C.H.: Prevention of rheumatic fever by treatment of previous streptococcal infections. I. Evaluation of benzathine penicillin G. New England Journal of Medicine 251: 466–471 (1954).
Chandler, J.R.; Langenbrunner, D.J. and Stevens, E.R.: The pathogenesis of orbital complications in acute sinusitis. Laryngoscope 80: 1414–1428 (1970).
Coleman, D.J.: Reliability of ocular and orbital diagnosis with B-scan ultrasound. 2. Orbital diagnosis. American Journal of Ophthalmology 74: 704–718 (1972).
Connor, J.D.: Evidence for an etiologic role of adenoviral infections in pertussis syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 283: 390–394 (1970).
Davidson, M.; Tempest, B. and Palmer, D.L.: Bacteriologic diagnosis of acute pneumonia. Comparison of sputum, transtracheal aspirates and lung aspirates. Journal of the American Medical Association 235: 158–163 (1976).
Denny, F.W.; Clyde, W.A. and Glezen, W.P.: Mrcoplasma pneumoaiae disease: Clinical Spectrum, pathophysiology, epidemiology and control. Journal of Infectious Diseases 123: 74–92 (1971).
Derrick, C.W. and Dillon, H.C.: Erythromycin therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis. American Journal of Diseases of Children 130: 175–178 (1976).
Deveikis, A.; Schauf, V.; Mizen, M. and Riff, L.: Antimicrobial therapy of experimental group B strep- tococcal infection in mice. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 11: 817–820 (1977).
Dieu, J.-Cl.; Adnis-Lamarre, F.; Bitar, M. and Dabbagh, M.: La rifampicine dans le traitement des formes ganglio-pulmonaires de la tuberculose initiale du nourrisson et de l’enfant. Revue de la Tuberculose et de Pneumonologie 34: 320–331 (1970).
Doster, B.; Nurray, F.J. and Newman, R.: Ethambutol in the initial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 107: 177–190 (1973).
Dunbar, J.S.: Epiglottitis and croup. J. Can. Assoc. Radiol. 12: 86–95 (1961).
Eavey, R.D.; Stool, S.E.; Peckham, G.J. and Mitchell, L.R.: How to examine the ear of the neonate. Clinical Pediatrics 15: 338–341 (1976).
Editorial: BCG and the tuberculin test. Lancet 1: 192–193 (1969).
Editorial: Ear drops. Lancet I: 896 (1976).
Evans, F.O. Jr.; Sydnor, J.B.; Moore, W.E.C.; Moore, G.R.; Manwaring, J.L.; Brill, A.H.; Jackson, R.T.; Hanna, S.; Skarr, J.S.; Holdeman, L.V.; Fitz-Hugh, G.S.; Sande, M.A. and Gwaltney, J.M. Jr.: Sinusitis of the maxillary antrum. New England Journal of Medicine 293: 735–739 (1975).
Feigin, R.D.; Shackelford, P.G.; Campbell, J.; Lyles, T.O.; Schechter, M. and Lins, R.D.: Assessment of the role of Staphylococcus epidermidis as a cause of otitis media. Pediatrics 52: 569–576 (1973).
Ferebee, S.H.: Controlled chemoprophylaxis trials in tuberculosis: A general review. Advances in Tuberculosis Research (Bibliotheca Tuberculosea No. 26 ) 17: 28–106 (1970).
Fernald, G.W.; Collier, A.M. and Clyde, W.A.: Respiratory infections due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in infants and children. Pediatrics 55: 327–335 (1975).
Fine, M.L.; Smith, L.R. and Sheedy, P.F.: Frequency of pleural effusions in mycoplasma and viral pneumonias. New England Journal of Medicine 283: 790–793 (1970).
Foy, H.M.; Cooney, M.K.; McMahan, R. and Grayston, J.T.: Viral and mycoplasmal pneumonia in a Prepaid Medical Care Group during an eight-year period. American Journal of Epidemiology 97: 93–102 (1973).
Friedberg, J.: Maxillary sinus disease and the pediatric patient. Otolaryngiologic Clinics of North America 9: 163–173 (1976).
Gellady, A.M.; Shulman, S.T. and Ayoub, E.M.: Orbital cellulitis in children. Pediatric Research I I: 500 (Abstract No. 769) (1977).
Geraci, R.P.: Acute epiglottitis — management with prolonged nasotracheal intubation. Pediatrics 41: 143–145 (1968).
Gerbeaux, J.; Hanoteau, J. and Couvreur, J.: New drugs in primary tuberculosis in children. Pediatrics Digest 17: 22–29 (June, 1975 ).
Girling, D.J.: Adverse reactions to rifampicin in antituberculosis regimens. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 3: 115–132 (1977).
Glezen, W.P. and Denny, F.W.: Epidemiology of acute lower respiratory diesase in children. New England Journal of Medicine 288: 498–505 (1973).
Grix, A. and Giammona, S.T.: Pneumonitis with pleural effusion in children due to Mycoplasma pneu-maniac. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 109: 665–671 (1974).
Grossman, E.R.; Walchek, A. and Freedman, H.: Tetracyclines and permanent teeth: The relation between dose and tooth color. Pediatrics 47: 567–570 (1971).
Gunnels, J.J.; Bates, J.H. and Swindoll, H.: Infectivity of sputum positive tuberculosis patients on chemotherapy. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 109: 323–330 (1974).
Harrison, H.R.; English, M.G.; Lee, C.K. and Alexander, E.R.: Chlamydia trachomatis infant pneumonitis: Comparison with matched controls and other infant pneumonitis. New England Journal of Medicine 298: 702–708 (1978).
Hawkins, D.B. and Clark, R.W.: Orbital involvement in acute sinusitis. Lessons from 24 childhood patients. Clinical Pediatrics 16: 464–471 (1977).
Haynes, R.E. and Cramblett, H.G.: Acute ethmoiditis: Its relationship to orbital cellulitis. American Journal of Diseases of Children 114: 261–267 (1967).
Hemming, V.G.; McCloskey, D.W. and Hill, H.R.: Pneumonia in the neonate associated with group B streptococcal septicemia. American Journal of Diseases of Children 130: 1231–1233 (1976).
Holm, V.A. and Kunze, L.H.: Effect of chronic otitis media on language and speech development.Pediatrics 43: 833–839 (1969).
Honig, P.J.; Pasquariello, P.S. and Stool, S.E.: H. influenzae pneumonia in infants and children. Journal of Pediatrics 83: 215–219 (1973).
Howard, J.E.; Nelson, J.D.; Clahsen, J. and Jackson, L.H.: Otitis media of infancy and early childhood: A double-blind study of four treatment regimens. American Journal of Diseases of Children 130: 965–970 (1976).
Howie, V.M.; Ploussard, H.J. and Lester, R.L.: Otitis media: A clinical and bacteriological correlation. Pediatrics 45: 29–35 (1970).
Howie, V.M.; Ploussard, J.H. and Sloyer, J.: Comparison of ampicillin and amoxicillin in the treatment of otitis media in children. Journal of Infectious Diseases 129 (Suppl.): S181–5184 (1974).
Howie, V.M.; Ploussard, J.H. and Sloyer, J.L.: Immunization against recurrent otitis media. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 85 (Suppl. 25): 254–258 (1976).
Hsu, K.H.K.: Isoniazid in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis: A 20-year study of the effectiveness in children. Journal of the American Medical Association 229: 528–533 (1974).
Irwin, R.S.; Seith, W.F.; Woelk, W.K. and Enegren, B.J.: Cell wall-deficient bacterial variant cultural surveillance: A useful laboratory aid. American Journal of Medicine 59: 129–133 (1975).
Johnson, G.K.; Sullivan, J.L. and Bishop, L.A.: Acute epiglottitis: Review of 55 cases and suggested protocol. Archives of Otolaryngology 100: 333–337 (1974).
Johnston, R.F. and Wildrick, K.H.: “State of the Art” review. The impact of chemotherapy on the care of patients with tuberculosis. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 109: 646–664 (1974).
Jonas. J.H.; Robitaille, R. and Gauthier, T.: Interpretation of the PPD skin test in BCG-vaccinated children. Canadian Medical Association Journal 113: 127–128 (1975).
Kamme, C.; Lundgren, K. and Mardh, P.-A.: The aetiology of acute otitis media in children. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 3: 217–223 (1971).
Kaplan, E.L.; Top, F.H.; Dudding, B.A. and Wannamaker, L.W.: Diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis: Differentiation of active infection from the carrier state in the symptomatic child. Journal of Infectious Diseases 123: 490–501 (1971).
Kendig, E.L.: Tuberculosis; in Kendig (Ed) Disorders of the Respiratory Tract in Children, Chapter 46, pp.642–695 ( Saunders, Philadelphia 1972 ).
Khan, W.N.; Rodriguez, W.; Controni, G. and Ross, S.: Incidence of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus species and synergistic effect of an erythromycin-sulfamethoxazole combination against them. Paper presented to the 16th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, Illinois, Oct. 27, 1976.
Klein, J.O. and Teele, D.W.: Isolation of viruses and mycoplasmas from middle ear effusions: A Review. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and, Laryngology 85 (Suppl. 25): 140–144 (1976).
Klimek, J.J.; Nightingale, C.; Lehmann, W.B. and Quintiliani, R.: Comparison of concentrations of amoxicillin and ampicillin in serum and middle ear fluid of children with chronic otitis media. Journal of Infectious Diseases 135: 999–1002 (1977).
Kogutt, M.S. and Swischuk, L.E.: Diagnosis of sinusitis in infants and children. Pediatrics 52: 121–124 (1973).
Kutnick, S.L. and Kerth, J.D.: Acute sinusitis and otitis: Their complications and surgical treatment. Otolaryngological Clinics of North America 9: 689–701 (1976).
Landau, L.I.: Treatment of bronchitis in childhood. Drugs 16: (1978).
Lincoln, E.M. and Sewell, E.M.: Tuberculosis; in Krugman et al. (Eds.) Infectious Diseases of Children 6th Ed, Chapter 31, pp. 389–450 ( Mosby, St. Louis 1977 ).
Linnemann, C.C.; Partin, J.C.; Perlstein, P.H. and Englender, G.S.: Pertussis: Persistent problems. Journal of Pediatrics 85: 589–591 (1974).
Linnemann, C.C.; Ramundo, N.; Perlstein, P.H.; Minton, S.D.; Englender, G.S.; McCormick, J.B. and Hayes, P.S.: Use of pertussis vaccine in an epidemic involving hospital staff. Lancet 2: 540–543 (1975).
McGowan, J.E.; Terry, P.M. and Nahmias, A.J.: Susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 9: 137–139 (1976).
McLinn, S.E.; Daly, J.F. and Jones, J.E.: Cephalexin monohydrate suspension: Treatment of otitis media. Journal of the American Medical Association 234: 171–173 (1975).
Margolis, C.Z.; Colletti, R.B. and Grundy, G.: Hemophilus influenzae type B: The etiologic agent in epiglottitis. Journal of Pediatrics 87: 322–323 (1975).
Markowitz, M. and Gordis, L.: Rheumatic fever — primary prevention; in Rheumatic Fever, Vol. 11, Major Problems in Clinical Pediatrics, 2nd Ed. (Saunders, Philadelphia I972).
Marks, M.I.: In vitro activity of clindamycin and other antimicrobials against Gram-positive bacteria and Hemophilus influenzae. Canadian Medical Association Journal 112: 170–173 (1975).
Mason, W.H.; Siegel, S.E. and Tucker, B.L.: Diagnostic open lung biopsy in children. Pediatric Research I: 503 (Abstract No. 787) [ 1977 ].
Miller, C.L.; Pollock, T.M. and Jones, A.D.E.: Whooping-cough vaccination: An assessment. Lancet 2: 510–513 (1974).
Mimica, I.; Donoso, E.; Howard, J.E. and Ledermann, G.W.: Lung puncture in etiological diagnosis of pneumonia. American Journal of Diseases of Children 122: 278–282 (1971).
Molteni, R.A.: Epiglottitis: Incidence of extraepiglottic infection. Report of 72 cases and review of the literature. Pediatrics 58: 526–531 (1971).
Murray, P.R. and Washington, J.J.II.: Microscopic and bacteriologic analysis of expectorated sputum. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 50: 339–344 (1975).
Nelson, K.E.; Gavitt, F.; Batt, M.D.; Kallick, C.A.; Reddi, K.T. and Levin, S.: The role of adenoviruses in the pertussis syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics 86: 335 (1975).
Neu, H.C.: Antimicrobial activity and human pharmacology of amoxicillin. Journal of Infectious Diseases 129 (Suppl.): S123 - S131 (1974).
Newman, R.; Doster, B.E.; Murray, F.J. and Woolpert, S.F.: Rifampin in initial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 109: 216–232 (1974).
Noah, N.D.: Attack rates of notified whooping cough in immunised and unimmunised children. British Medical Journal I: 128–129 (1976).
Paradise, J.L.: On tympanostomy tubes: Rationale, results, reservations and recommendations. Pediatrics 60: 86–90 (1977).
Parrott, R.H.; Vargosko, A.J.; Kim, H.W.; Bell, J.A. and Chanock, R.M.: Respiratory diseases of viral etiology. 3. Myxoviruses: parainfluenza. American Journal of Public Health 52: 907 (1962).
Perrin, J.M.: Management of recurrent otitis media. New England Journal of Medicine 29I: 1364 (1974). Perrin, J.M.; Charney, E.; MacWhinney, J.B.; Mclnerny, T.K.; Miller, R.L. and Nazarian, L.F.: Sulfisoxazole as chemoprophylaxis for recurrent otitis media. New England Journal of Medicine 291: 664–667 (1974).
Pilheu, J.A.: Short-duration treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest 71: 583–586 (1977).
Potter, A.R. and Fischer, G.W.: Haemophilus influenzae,the predominant cause of bacterial pneumonia in Hawaii. Pediatric Research I I: 504 (Abstr. 795) [19771.
Preston, N.W.: Protection by pertussis vaccine — little cause for concern. Lancet 1: 1065–1067 (1976).
Preston, N.W. and Stanbridge, T.N.: Whooping-cough vaccination. Lancet I: 1089 (1975).
Quick, C.A.: Comparison of penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of ear, nose and throat infections. Canadian Medical Association Journal 112 (Suppl): 83S (1975).
Quick, C.A. and Payne, E.: Complicated acute sinusitis. Laryngoscope 82: 1248–1263 (1972).
Quinn, R.W.; Denny, F.W. and Riley, H.D.: Natural occurrence of hemolytic streptococci in normal school children. American Journal of Public Health 47: 995–1008 (1957).
Quinn, R.W. and Federspiel, C.F.: The incidence of rheumatic fever in metropolitan Nashville, 1963–69.
Quinn, R.W. and Federspiel, C.F.,American Journal of Epidemiology 99: 273–280 (1974).
Rapkin, R.H.: Tracheostomy in epiglottitis, Pediatrics 52: 426–429 (1973).
Ravitch, M.M. and Fein, R.: The changing picture of pneumonia and empyema in infants and children. Journal of the American Medical Association 175: 1039–1044 (1961).
Riley, H.D. and Bracken, E.C.: Empyema due to H. influenzae in infants and children. American Journal of Diseases of Children 110: 24–28 (1965).
Robins, J. and Fitz-Hugh, G.: Epiglottitis in the adult. Laryngoscope 81: 700–706 (1971).
Ross, P.W.: Beta-hemolytic streptococci in saliva. Journal of Hygiene 69: 347–353 (1971).
Rowe, D.S.: Acute suppurative otitis media. Pediatrics 56: 285–294 (1975).
Schauf, V.; Deveikis, A.; Riff, L. and Serota, A.: Antibiotic-killing kinetics of group B streptococci. Journal of Pediatrics 89: 194–198 (1976).
Schwartz, R.; Rodriguez, W.J; Khan, W.N. and Ross, S.: Acute purulent otitis media in children older than 5 years. Incidence of Haemophilus as a causative organism. Journal of the American Medical Association 238: 1032–1033 (1977).
Schwartz, R.; Rodriguez, W.; Khan, W. and Ross, S.: The increasing incidence of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus innuenzae. Journal of the American Medical Association 239: 320–323 (1978).
Sewell, E.M.; O’Hare, D. and Kendig, E.L.: The tuberculin test. Pediatrics 54: 650–653 (1974).
Shurin, P.A.; Pelton, S.I. and Finkelstein, J.: Tympanometry in the diagnosis of middle-ear effusion. New England Journal of Medicine 296: 412–417 (1977).
Shurin, P.A.; Pelton, S.I. and Klein, J.O.: Otitis media in the newborn infant. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 85 (Suppl. 25): 216–222 (1976).
Shurin, P.A.; Pelton, S.I.; Scheifele, D. and Klein, J.O.: Otitis media caused by non-typable, ampicillin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae. Journal of Pediatrics 88: 646–649 (1976).
Shuttleworth, D.B. and Charney, E.: Leukocyte count in childhood pneumonia. American Journal of Diseases of Children 122: 393–396 (1971).
Simon, K.: Rifampicin behandlung der tuberkulose im kindesalter (therapy of tuberculosis with rifampicin in childhood). Medizinische Klinik 70: 1095–1097 (1975).
Sloyer, J.L.; Cate, C.C.; Howie, V.M.; Ploussard, J.H. and Johnston, R.B.: Immune response to acute otitis media in children. 2. Serum and middle ear fluid antibody in otitis media due to H. influenzae. Journal of Infectious Diseases 132: 685–688 (1975).
Sloyer, J.L.; Howie, I.M.; Ploussard, J.H.; Ammann, A.J.; Austrian, R. and Johnston, R.B.: The immune response to acute otitis media in childhood. I. Serotypes isolated and serum and middle ear fluid antibody in pneumococcal otitis media. Infection and Immunity 9: 1028–1032 (1974).
Smilack, J.D.; Burgin, W.W.; Moore, W.L. and Sanford, J.P.: Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and clindamycin therapy: Failure to demonstrate efficacy. Journal of the American Medical Association 228: 729–731 (1974).
Smith, A.L.: Antibiotics and invasive Haemophilus influenzae. New England Journal of Medicine 294: 1329–1331 (1976).
Stechenberg, B.W.; Anderson, D.; Chang, M.J.; Dunkle, L.; Wong, M.; van Reken, D.; Pickering, L.K. and Feigin, R.D.: Cephalexin compared to ampicillin treatment of otitis media. Pediatrics 58: 532–536 (1976).
Strome, M. and Jaffe, B.: Epiglottitis — individualized management with steroids. Laryngoscope 84: 921–928 (1974).
Stuart-Harris, C.H. (chairman, Joint Committee of Vaccination and Immunization of the Central Health Services Council and the Scottish Health Service Planning Council): Statement on whooping cough vaccine. British Medical Journal 3: 687–688 (1975).
Syriopoulou, V.; Scheifele, D.; Howie, V.; Ploussard, J.; Sloyer, J. and Smith, A.L.: Incidence of am-picillin-resistant Hemophilus influenzae in otitis media. Journal of Pediatrics 89: 839–841 (1976).
Taussig, L.M.; Belmonte, M.M. and Beaudry, P.H.: Staphylococcus aureus empyema in cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatrics 84: 724–727 (1974).
Tetzlaff, T.R.; Ashworth, C. and Nelson, J.D.: Otitis media in children less than 12 weeks of age. Pediatrics 59: 827–832 (1977).
van de Water, J.M.: The treatment of pleural effusion complicating pneumonia. Chest 57: 259–262 (1970).
van Overbeek, J.J.M.: Gonorrheal infections in the oropharynx. Archives of Otolaryngology 102: 94–96 (1976).
Vollman, J.H.; Smith, W.L.; Ballard, E.T. and Light, I.J.: Early onset group B streptococcal disease: Clinical, roentgenographic and pathologic features. Journal of Pediatrics 89: 199–203 (1976).
Watters, E.C.; Wallar, P.H.; Hiles, D.A. and Michaels, R.H.: Acute orbital cellulitis. Archives of Ophthalmology 94: 785–788 (1976).
Weber. M.J.; Desjardins, R.; Perreault, G.; Rivard, G. and Turmel, Y.: Acute epiglottitis in children — treatment with nasotracheal intubation: Report of 14 consecutive cases. Pediatrics 57: 153–155 (1976).
Wilkins, J. and Bass, J.W.: Pertussis; in Top and Wehrle (Eds.) Communicable and Infectious Diseases 8th Ed, pp. 491–501 ( Mosby, St. Louis 1976 ).
Wise, M.R.; Beaudry, P.H. and Bates, D.V.: Long-term follow-up of staphylococcal pneumonia. Pediatrics 38: 398–401 (1977).
Wise, P.J. and Neu, H.C.: Experience with amoxicillin: An overall summary of clinical trials in the United States. Journal of Infectious Diseases 129 (Suppl): S266 - S271 (1974).
Wolff, L.J.; Bartlett, M.S.; Baehner, R.L.; Grosfeld, J.L. and Smith, J.W.: The causes of interstitial pneumonitis in immunocompromised children: An aggressive systematic approach to diagnosis. Pediatrics 60: 41–45 (1977).
Wright, J.E.; Lloyd, G.A.S. and Ambrose, J.: Computerized axial tomography in the detection of orbital space occupying lesions. American Journal of Ophthalmology 80: 78–84 (1975).
Zanen, H.C.; Ganor, S. and van Toorn, M.J.: Continuous study of hemolytic streptococci in the throats of normal children, adults and aged men. American Journal of Hygiene 69: 265–273 (1959).
Zimmerman, R.A.; Horn, K.A.; Meyer, W.T. and Klesius, P.H.: Applying an old concept to a new method of streptococcal surveillance. Pediatrics 53: 275–279 (1974).
Zollar, L.M.; Krause, H.E. and Mufson, M.A.: Microbiologic studies on young infants with lower respiratory tract diseases. American Journal of Diseases of Children 126: 56–60 (1973).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1979 ADIS Press
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Spratt, H.C., Ahronheim, G.A., Marks, M.I. (1979). Respiratory Infections. In: Marks, M.I. (eds) Common Bacterial Infections in Infancy and Childhood. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9653-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9653-6_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-85200-509-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-9653-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive