Abstract
The nutritional components and gross energy made available for cell maintenance, growth, locomotion and reproduction are determined by the amount of food consumed, the fraction that is assimilated and the nutrient content of the food. The relationship between fish and their food is affected by a complex interaction between a number of factors which include temperature, light, salinity, fish size, activity and behaviour, appetite, feeding regime, starvation, stress and type of food. These factors have been reviewed by Webb (1978), Braaten (1979), Brett (1979), Brett & Groves (1979) and Fänge & Grove (1979).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adron, J.W., Grant, P.T. and Cowey, C.B. (1973), A system for quantitative study of the learning capacity of trout, Salmo gairdneri, and its application to the study of feeding preferences and behaviour. J. Fish Biol. 5, 625
A.O.A.C. (1980), Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists,13th edn. Washington.
Austreng, E. (1978), Digestibility determination in fish using chromic oxide marking and analysis of contents from different segments of the gastro-intestinal tract. Aquaculture 13, 265
Baker, A.M. and Fraser, D.F. (1976), A method for securing the gut contents of small, live fish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 105, 520
Baldwin, N.S. (1957), Food consumption and growth of brook trout at different temperatures. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 86, 323
Beukema, J.J. (1968), Predation by the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus): the influence of hunger and experience. Behaviour, 31, 1
Blaxter, J.H.S. (1963), The feeding of herring larvae and their ecology in relation to feeding. Calif. Coop. Oceanogr. Fish. Invest. Rep. 10, 79
Bowen, S.H. (1978), Chromic acid in assimilation studies — a caution. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107, 755
Bowen, S.H. (1981), Digestion and assimilation of periphytic detrital aggregate by Tilapia mossambica. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 110, 239
Braaten, B.R. (1979), Bioenergetics — a review on methodology. In: Halver, J.E. and Tiews, K. (eds). Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeed Technology, vol. II, pp. 461–504. Berlin, Heenemann
Braum, E. (1978), Ecological aspects of the survival of fish eggs, embryos and larvae. In: Gerking, S.D. (ed.). Ecology of Freshwater Fish Production, pp. 102–31. Oxford, Blackwell
Brett, J.R. (1971), Starvation time, appetite and maximum food intake of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 28, 409
Brett, J.R. (1979), Environmental factors and growth. In: Hoar, W.S., Randal, D.J. and Brett, J.R. (eds). Fish Physiology, vol. 8, pp. 599–675. New York, Academic Press
Brett, J.R. and Groves, T.D.D. (1979), Physiological energetics. In: Hoar, W.S., Randall, D.J. and Brett, J.R. (eds). Fish Physiology, vol. 8, pp. 279–352. New York, Academic Press
Brett, J.R. and Higgs, D.A. (1970), Effects of temperature on the rate of gastric digestion in fingerling sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 27, 1767
Brett, J.R., Shelbourn, J.E. and Shoop, C.T. (1969), Growth rate and body composition of fingerling sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in relation to temperature and ration size. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 26, 2363
Brett, J.R., Sutherland, D.B. and Heritage, G.D. (1971), An environmental-control tank for the synchronous study of growth and metabolism of young salmon. Fish. Res. Bd Can. Tech. Rep. 283, 1
Brown, M.E. (1951), The growth of brown trout (Salmo trotta L.). IV. The effect of food and temperature on the survival and growth of fry. J. exp. Biol. 23, 473
Buddington, R.K. (1979), Digestion of an aquatic macrophyte by Tilapia zilli (Gervais). J. Fish Biol. 15, 449
Buddington, R.K. (1980), Hydrolysis-resistant organic matter as a reference for measurement of fish digestive efficiency. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 109, 653
Chandler, P.T., Kesler, E.M. and McCarthy, J.J. (1964), Polyethylene as a reference substance for digestion studies with young ruminants. J. Dairy Sci. 47, 1426
Charles, P.M., Sebastian, S.M., Raj, M.C.V. and Marian, M.P. (1984), Effect of feeding frequency on growth and food conversion of Cyprinus carpio fry. Aquaculture, 40, 293–300.
Cho, C.Y., Bayley, H.S. and Slinger, S.J. (1974), Partial replacement of herring meal with soybean and other changes in a diet for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 31, 1523
Cho, C.Y., Slinger, S.J. and Bayley, H.S. (1976), Influence of level and type of dietary protein, and level of feeding on food utilization by rainbow trout. J. Nutr. 106, 1547
Cho., C.Y., Slinger, S.J. and Bayley, H.S. (1982), Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: energy intake, expenditure and productivity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 73B, 25
Choubert, G., De La Noue, J. and Luquet, P. (1982), Digestibility in fish: improved device for the automatic collection of faeces. Aquaculture 29, 185
Colgan, P. (1973), Motivational analysis of fish feeding. Behaviour 45, 38 Corazza, L. and Nickum, J.G. (1983), Rate of food passage through the gastrointestinal tract of fingerling walleyes. Prog. Fish Cult. 45. 183
Cowey, C.B. (1981), Food and feeding of captive fish. In: Hawkins, A.D. (ed.) Aquarium Systems, pp. 223–46. London, Academic Press.
Davis, J.J. and Foster, R.F. (1958), Bioaccumulation of radioisotopes through aquatic food chains. Ecology 39, 530
De Silva, S.S. and Owoyemi, A.A. (1983), Effect of dietary quality on the gastric evacuation and intestinal passage in Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters) fry. J. Fish Biol. 23, 347
De Silva, S.S. and Perera, M.K. (1983), Digestibility of an aquatic macrophyte by the cichlid Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) with observations on the relative merits of three indigenous components as markers and daily changes in protein digestibility. J. Fish Biol. 23, 675
Diana, J. S. (1979), The feeding pattern and daily ration of a top carnivore, the northern pike (Esox lucius). Can. J. Zool. 57, 2121
Diana, J.S. (1983), An energy budget for northern pike (Esox lucius). Can. J. Zool. 61, 1968
Doble, B.D. and Eggers, D.M. (1978), Diel feeding chronology, rate of gastric evacuation, daily ration, and prey selectivity in Lake Washington, juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107, 36
Edwards, D.J. (1971), Effect of temperature on rate of passage of food through the alimentary canal of plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. J. Fish Biol. 3, 433
Edwards, D.J. (1973), The effect of drugs and nerve section on the rate of passage of food through the gut of the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa. J. Fish Biol. 5, 441
Elliott, J.M. (1972), Rates of gastric evacuation in brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Freshwat. Biol. 2, 1
Elliott, J.M. (1975a), Weight of food and time required to satiate brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Freshwat. Biol. 5, 51
Elliott, J.M. (1975b), Number of meals in a day, maximum weight of food consumed in a day and maximum rate of feeding for brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Freshwat. Biol. 5, 287
Elliott, J.M. (1976a), Energy losses in the waste products of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). J. Anim. Ecol. 45, 561
Elliott, J.M. (1976b), The energetics of feeding, metabolism and growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in relation to body weight, water temperature and ration size. J. Anim. Ecol. 45, 923
Elliott, J.M. (1977), Feeding, metabolism and growth of brown trout. Freshwater Biological Association 45th Annual Report, p. 70
Elliott, J.M. and Persson, L. (1978), The estimation of daily rates of food consumption for fish. J. Anim. Ecol. 47, 977
Ellis, W.C. and Huston, J.E. (1968), 144Ce _144pr as a particulate digesta flow marker in ruminants. J. Nutr. 95, 67
El-Shamy, F.M. (1976), Analyses of gastric emptying in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 33, 1630
Fänge, R. and Grove, D.J. (1979), Digestion. In: Hoar, W.S., Randall, D.J. and Brett, J.R. (eds). Fish Physiology vol. VIII, pp. 161–260. New York, Academic Press
Farmer, G.J., Beamish, F.W.H. and Robinson, G.A. (1975), Food consumption of the adult landlocked sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 50A, 753
Flowerdew, M. and Grove, D.J. (1979), Some observations of the effects of body weight, meal size and quality on gastric emptying time in the turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.) using radiography. J. Fish Biol. 14, 229
Flowerdew, M.W. and Grove, D.J. (1980), An energy budget for juvenile thick-lipped mullet, Crenimugil labrosus (Risso). J. Fish Biol. 17, 395
Foster, J.R. (1977), Pulsed gastric lavage: an efficient method of removing the stomach contents of live fish. Prog. Fish Cult. 39, 166
Furukawa, A. and Tsukahara, H. (1966), On the acid digestion method for the determination of chromic oxide as an index substance in the study of digestibility of fish feed. Bull. Jpn Soc. Sci. Fish. 32, 502
Giles, N. (1980), A stomach sampler for use on live fish. J. Fish Biol. 16. 441
Goddard, J. S. (1974), An X-ray investigation of the effects of starvation and drugs on intestinal mobility in the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. Ichthyologica 6, 49
Godin, J.J. (1981), Effect of hunger on the daily pattern of feeding rates in juvenile pink salmon, Oncorhyncus gorbuscha Walbaum. J. Fish Biol. 19, 63
Grove, D.J. and Crawford, C. (1980), Correlation between digestion rate and feeding frequency in the stomachless teleost, Blennius pholis L. J. Fish Biol. 16, 235
Grove, D.J., Lozoides, L. and Nott, J. (1978), Satiation amount, frequency of feeding and gastric emptying rate in Salmo gairdneri. J. Fish Biol. 12, 507
Gwyther, D. and Grove, D.J. (1981), Gastric emptying in Limanda limanda (L.) and the return of appetite. J. Fish Biol. 18245
Hakonson, T.E., Gallegos, A.F. and Whicker, F.W. (1975), Cesium kinetics data for estimating food consumption rates of trout. Health Phys. 29, 301
Hawkins, A.D. (ed.) (1981) Aquarium Systems. New York, Academic Press Hickling, C.F. (1966), On the feeding process in the white amur (Ctenopharyngodon idella). J. ZooL 148408
Hirao, S., Yamada, J. and Kikuchi, R. (1960), On improving efficiency of feed for fish culture. I. Transit and digestibility of diet in eel and rainbow trout observed by use of 32P. Bull. Tokai Regional Fish Res. Lab. 7, 67
Hunt, B.P. (1960), Digestion rate and consumption of Florida gar, warmouth, and largemouth bass. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 89, 206
Hyslop, E.J. (1980), Stomach contents analysis - a review of methods and their application. J. Fish BioL 17, 411
Inaba, D., Ogino, C., Takamatsu, C., Sugano, S. and Hata, H. (1962), Digestibility of dietary components in fishes. I. Digestibility of dietary proteins in rainbow trout. Bull. Jpn Soc. Sci. Fish. 28, 367
Jernejcic, F. (1969), Use of emetics to collect stomach contents of walleye and largemouth bass. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 98, 698
Jobling, M. (1981a), Dietary digestibility and the influence of food components on gastric evacuation in plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. J. Fish Biol. 19, 29
Jobling, M. (198 1 b), Mathematical models of gastric emptying and the estimation of daily rates of food consumption for fish? J. Fish Biol. 19245
Jobling, M. and Davies, P.S. (1979), Gastric evacuation in plaice Pleuronectes platessa L.: effects of temperature and size. J. Fish Biol. 14. 539
Jobling, M., Gwyther, D. and Grove, D.J. (1977), Some effects of temperature, meal size and body weight on gastric evacuation time in the dab, Limanda limanda (L.). J. Fish Biol. 10, 291
Jones, R. (1974), The rate of elimination of food from the stomachs of haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus, cod Gadus morhua and whiting Merlangius merlangus. J. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer. 35, 225
Kelso, J.R.M. (1972), Conversion, maintenance and assimilation for walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum, as affected by size, diet and temperature. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 29, 1181–92.
Kevern, N.R. (1966), Feeding rate of carp estimated by a radioisotopic method. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 95363
Kinne, O. (1960), Growth, food intake and food conversion in a euryplastic fish exposed to different temperatures and salinities. Physiol. Zool. 33, 288
Kolb, A.R. and Luckey, T.D. (1972), Markers in nutrition. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. 42, 813
Kolehmainen, S.E. (1974), Daily feeding rates of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) determined by a refined radioisotope method. J. Fish Res. Bd Can. 31, 67
Lall, S.P. and Bishop, F.J. (1979), Studies on the nutrient requirements of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, grown in seawater and freshwater. In: Pillay, T.V.A. and Dill, W.A. (eds). Advances In Aquaculture. Farnham, Fishing News Books Landless, P.G. (1976), Demand-feeding behaviour of rainbow trout. Aquaculture 7, 11
Lane, T.H. and Jackson, H.M. (1969), Voidance time for 23 species of fish. Invest. Fish Control No. 33
Laurence, G.C. (1971), Digestion rate of larval largemouth bass. N. Y. Fish and Game Journal 18, 52
Leong, R.J. and O’Connell, C.P. (1969), A laboratory study of particulate and filter feeding of the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax). J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 26, 557
Lied, E., Julshamn, K. and Braekkan, O.R. (1982), Determination of protein digestibility in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) with internal and external indicators. Can. J. Fish. Aquas. Sci. 39, 854
Light, R.W., Adler, P.H. and Arnold, D.E. (1983), Evaluation of gastric lavage for stomach analyses. North Am. J. Fish. Mgmt 3, 81
Love, R.M. (1980), The Chemical Biology of Fishes, vol. II: Advances 1968–1977. New York, Academic Press
Magnuson, J.J. (1969), Digestion and food consumption by skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 98, 379
Mann, K.H. (1978), Estimating the food consumption of fish in nature. In: Gerking, S.D. (ed.) Ecology of Freshwater Fish Production, pp. 250–73. Oxford, Blackwell
Markus, H.C. (1932), The extent to which temperature changes influence food consumption in largemouth bass (Huro floridana). Trans. Am. Fish Soc. 62, 202
Maynard, L.A., Loosli, J.K., Hintz, H.F. and Warner, R.G. (1979), Animal Nutrition, 7th edn. New York, McGraw-Hill
Meehan, W.R. and Miller, R.A. (1978), Stomach flushing: effectiveness and influence on survival and condition of juvenile salmonids. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 35, 1359
Molnar, G. and Tölg, I. (1960), Roentgenologic investigation of the duration of gastric digestion in the pike perch (Lucioperca lucioperca). Acta. Biol. Hung. 11, 103
Moriarty, C.M. and Moriarty, D.J.W. (1973), Quantitative estimation of the daily ingestion of phytoplankton by Tilapia nilotica and Haplochromis nigripinus in Lake George, Uganda. J. Zool. 171, 15
Neumark, H., Helavi, A., Amir, S. and Yerushalmi, S (1974), Assay and use of magnesium ferrite as a reference in absorption trials with cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 58, 1476
Noble, R.L. (1973), Evacuation rates of young yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchill). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 102, 759
Nose, T. (1960), On the effective value of freshwater green algae Chlorella ellipsoidea, as a nutritive source to goldfish. Bull. Freshwater Fish. Res. Lab. Tokyo 10, 12
Nose, T. (1967), On the metabolic faecal nitrogen in young rainbow trout. Bull. Freshwater Fish. Res. Lab. Tokyo 17, 97
Ogino, C., Kakino, J. and Chem, M.S. (1973), Determination of metabolic fecal nitrogen and endogenous nitrogen excretion of carp. Bull. Jpn Soc. Sci. Fish. 39, 519
Pandian, T.J. (1967), Transformation of food in the fish Megalops cyprinoides. II. Influence of quality of food. Marine Biol. 1, 107
Pentelow, F.T.K. (1939), The relation between growth and food consumption in the brown trout (Salmo trutta). J. exp. Biol. 16, 446
Persson, L. (1979), The effects of temperature and different food organisms on the rate of gastric evacuation in perch (Perca fluviatilis). Freshwat. Biol. 9, 99
Peter, R.E. (1979), The brain and feeding behaviour. In: Hoar, W.S., Randall, D.J. and Bretts, J.R. (eds). Fish Physiology, vol. VIII, pp. 121–59. New York, Academic Press
Peters, D.S. and Hoss, D.E. (1974), A radioisotopic method of measuring food evacuation time in fish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103, 626
Peters, G. (1982). The effect of stress on the stomach of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla L. J. Fish Biol. 21, 497.
Pickering, A.D. (ed.) (1981), Stress and Fish. New York, Academic Press Pickering, A.D., Pottinger, T.G. and Christie, P. (1982), Recovery of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L., from acute handling stress: a time-course study. J. Fish Biol. 20, 229
Ross, B. and Jauncey, K. (1981), A radiographic estimation of the effect of temperature on gastric emptying time in Sarotherodon niloticus (L.) X S. auvens (Steindachner) hybrids. J. Fish Biol. 19, 333
Rozin, P. and Mayer, J. (1961), Regulation of food intake in the goldfish. Am. J. Physiol. 201, 968
Rozin, P. and Mayer, J. (1964), Some factors influencing short-term food intake in goldfish. Am. J. Physiol. 206, 1430
Ryer, C.H. and Boehlert, G.W. (1983), Feeding chronology, daily ration, and the effects of temperature upon gastric evacuation in the pipefish, Syngnathus fuscus. Env. Biol Fish. 9, 301
Sampath, K. (1984), Preliminary report on the effects of feeding frequency in Channa striatus. Aquaculture, 40, 301–6.
Seaburg, K.G. (1957), A stomach sampler for live fish. Prog. Fish. Cult. 19, 137
Seaburg K.G. and Moyle, J.B. (1964), Feeding habits, digestion rates and growth of some Minnesota warm water fishes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 93, 269
Singh, R.P. and Nose, T. (1967), Digestibility of carbohydrates in young rainbow trout. Bull. Freshwater Fish. Res. Lab. Tokyo 17, 21
Smith, R.R. (1971), A method for measuring digestibility and metabolizable energy of feeds. Prog. Fish Cult. 33, 132
Smith, B.W. and Lovell, R.T. (1973), Determination of apparent protein digestibility in feeds for channel catfish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 102, 831
Solomon, D.J. and Brafield, A.E. (1972), The energetics of feeding metabolism and growth of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). J. Anim. Ecol. 41, 699
Staples, D.J. (1975), Production biology of the upland bully Philypnodon breviceps Stokell in a small New Zealand lake. III. Production, food consumption and efficiency of food utilization. J. Fish Biol. 7, 47
Storebakken, T., Austreng, E. and Stoenberg, K. (1981), A method for determination of feed intake in salmonids using radioactive isotopes. Aquaculture 24, 133
Strange, C.D. and Kennedy, G.J.A. (1981), Stomach flushing of salmonids: a simple and effective technique for the removal of stomach contents. Fish. Mgmt 12, 9
Swenson, W.A. and Smith, L.L. Jr (1973), Gastric digestion, food consumption, feeding periodicity and food conversion efficiency in walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum). J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 30, 1327
Tacon, A.G.J., Haaster, J.V., Featherstone, P.B., Kerr, K. and Jackson, A.J. (1983), Studies on the utilization of full-fat soybean and solvent-extracted soybean meal in a complete diet for rainbow trout. Bull. Jpn Soc. Sci. Fish. 49, 1437
Talbot, C. and Higgins, P.G. (1982), Observations on the gall bladder of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in relation to feeding. J. Fish Biol. 21, 663
Talbot, C. and Higgins, P.J. (1983), A radiographic method for feeding studies on fish using metallic iron powder as a marker. J. Fish Biol. 23, 211
Talbot, C., Higgins, P.J. and Shanks, A.M. (1984), Effects of pre-and post-prandial starvation on meal size and evacuation rate of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar L.). J. Fish Biol. 25, 551
Thorpe, J.E. (1977), Daily ration of adult perch, Percafluviatilis L. during summer in Loch Leven, Scotland. J. Fish Biol. 11, 55
Thorpe, J.E. (1981), Rearing salmonids in freshwater. In: Hawkins, A.D. (ed.). Aquarium Systems. New York, Academic Press
Tyler, A.V. (1970), Rates of gastric emptying in young cod. J. Fish Res. Bd Can. 27, 1177
Wales, J.H. (1962), Forceps for removal of trout stomach content. Prog. Fish Cult. 24, 171
Wallace, J.C. (1973), Observations on the relationship between food consumption and metabolic rate of Blennius pholis L. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 45A, 293
Ware, D.M. (1972), Predation by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): the influence of hunger, prey density and prey size. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 29, 1191
Webb, P.W. (1978), Partitioning of energy into metabolism and growth. In: Gerking, S.D. (ed.) Ecology of Freshwater Fish Production, pp. 184–214. Oxford, Blackwell
Wedemeyer, G.A. (1976), Physiological response of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to handling and crowding stress in intensive fish culture. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 33, 2699
White, H.C. (1930), Some observations on Eastern brook trout, Salvelinusfontinalis, of Prince Edward Island. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 60, 101
Wightman, J.A. (1975), An improved technique for measuring assimilation efficiency by the 51Ce —14C twin tracer method. Oecologia (Berl.) 19, 273
Windell, J.T. (1966), Rate of digestion in the bluegull sunfish. Invest. Indiana Lakes Streams 7, 185
Windell, J.T. (1978a), Digestion and the daily ration of fishes. In: Gerking, S.D. (ed.). The Ecology of Freshwater Fish Production, pp. 159–83. Oxford, Blackwell
Windell, J.T. (1978b), Estimating food consumption rates of fish populations. In: Bagenal, T. (ed.). Methods for Assessment of Fish Production in Fresh Waters. I.B.P. Handbook No. 3, third edn, pp. 227–54. Oxford, Blackwell
Windell, J.T., Norris, D.O., Kitchell, J.F. and Norris, J.S. (1969), Digestive response of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, to pellet diets. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 26, 1801
Windell, J.T., Armstrong, R.D. and Clinebell, J.R. (1974), Substitution of brewer’s single cell protein (BSCP) into pelleted fish feed. Feedstuffs 46, 16
Windell, J.T., Foltz, J.W. and Sarakon, J.A. (1978), Methods of fecal collection and nutrient leaching in digestibility studies. Prog. Fish Cult. 40, 51
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Peter Tytler and Peter Calow
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Talbot, C. (1985). Laboratory Methods in Fish Feeding and Nutritional Studies. In: Tytler, P., Calow, P. (eds) Fish Energetics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7918-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7918-8_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-7920-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-7918-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive