Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Immune mechanisms in liver disease

  • Chapter
Immunological Aspects of the Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract

Abstract

An increasing amount of evidence points to the importance of immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of certain liver diseases. The exact mechanism has not been pinpointed, in spite of the consensus of opinion favouring the importance of cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Such a large quantity of data in this field is being made known in such a short period of time that it remains fragmented and difficult to organize into a meaningful hypothesis. Although any hypothesis is subject to modification, with acquisition of new facts, it is imperative at this time to present an up-to-date summary and evaluation of the basic data that are available concerning the importance of each of the various mechanisms of immunologic reactions. Five major types of allergic reactions capable of producing tissue damage have been identified1, 2. Evidence will be presented showing the participation of each of these immunological reactions in liver disease.

Many of the facts and ideas presented here will proven in the near future to be partially or entirely wrong. However (this review) will have served its purposed if one of its readers is interested enough to design and perform the experiments needed to show what is wrong and what is right.

Jean Brachet*

*Biochemical Cytology, Academic Press (1975)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Coombs, R. R. A. and Gell, P. G. H. (1962). The classification of allergic reactions underlying disease. In Clinical Aspects of Immunology, P. G. H. Gell and R. R. A. Coombs (eds.) p. 317 (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Perlmann P, and Holm, G. (1969). Cytotoxic effects of lymphoid cells in vitro. Adv. Immunol., 11, 117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Van Epps, D. E., Strickland, R. G. and Williams, R. C. Jr. (1975). Elevated IgE levels in liver disease. Clin. Res., 23, 106A

    Google Scholar 

  4. Paronetto, F. (1973). Immunologic aspects of liver disease. Postgrad. Med., 53, 156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Linder, E., Miettinen, A., Kurki, P. and Alftan, O. (1974). Liver-specific bile canalicular antibodies. Lancet, ii, 1275

    Google Scholar 

  6. Smith, M. G. M., Williams, R., Walker, G., Rizzetto, M. and Doniach, D. (1974). Hepatic disorders associated with liver/kidney microsomal antibodies. Br. Med. J., 2, 80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bertrams, J., Reis, H. E., Kuwert, E. and Selmair, H. (1974). Hepatitis associated antigen (HAA), HL-A antigens and autolymphocytotoxins (CoCoCy) in chronic aggressive and chronic persistent hepatitis. Z. Immun. Forsch., 146, 300

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. DeHoratius, R. J., Strickland, R. G. and Williams, R. C. Jr. (1974). T-and B-lymphocytes in acute and chronic hepatitis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopath., 2, 353

    Google Scholar 

  9. Doniach, D. (1970). The concept of an ‘autoallergic’ hepatitis. Proc. Royal Soc. Med., 63, 527

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Paronetto, F., Gerber, M. and Vernace, S. J. (1973). Immunologic studies in patients with chronic active hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. I. Cytotoxic activity and binding of sera to human liver cells grown in tissue culture. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 143, 756

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Allison, A. C., Denman, A. M. and Barnes, R. D. (1971). Co-operating and controlling functions of thymus-derived lymphocytes in relation to autoimmunity. Lancet, ii, 135

    Google Scholar 

  12. Sevc, K. C., Blair, J. D. and Kaplan, M. H. (1967). Immunopathologic studies of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). I. Tissue-bound immunoglobulins in relation to serum antinuclear immunoglobulins in systemic lupus and in chronic liver disease with LE cell factor. J. Clin, invest., 46, 558

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bjørneboe, M., Prytz, H. and Ørskov, F. (1972). Antibodies to intestinal microbes in serum of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Lancet, i, 58

    Google Scholar 

  14. Triger, D. R., Alp, M. H. and Wright, R. (1972). Bacterial and dietary antibodies in liver disease. Lancet, i, 60

    Google Scholar 

  15. Triger, D. R., Kurtz, J. B., MacCallum, F. O. and Wright, R. (1972). Raised antibody titres to measles and rubella viruses in chronic active hepatitis. Lancet, i, 665

    Google Scholar 

  16. Triger, D. R., Kurtz, J. B. and Wright, R. (1974). Viral antibodies and autoantibodies in chronic liver disease. Gut, 15, 94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Shulman, N. R. (1970). Hepatitis-associated antigen. Am. J. Med., 49, 669

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Brzosko, W. J., Madalinski, K., Krawczynski, K. and Nowoslawski, A. (1973). Duality of hepatitis B antigen and its antibody. I. Immunofluorescence studies. J. Infect. Dis., 127, 424

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Paronetto, F. (1969). Hetero-iso and autoimmune phenomena in the liver. In Textbook of Immunopathology, P. A. Miescher and H. J. Müller-Eberhard (eds.) p. 562 (New York: Grune and Stratton, Inc.)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Oldstone, M. B. A. and Dixon, F. J. (1970). Pathogenesis of chronic disease associated with persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis viral infection. II. Relationship of the antilymphocytic choriomeningitis immune response to tissue injury in chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis disease. J. Exp. Med., 131, 1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Finlayson, N. D. C., Krohn, K., Fauconnet, M. H. and Anderson, K. E. (1972). Significance of serum complement levels in chronic liver disease. Gastroenterology, 63, 653

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Potter, B. J., Elias, E. and Jones, E. A. (1974). Hypercatabolism of the third component of complement in primary biliary cirrhosis. Digestion, 10, 305

    Google Scholar 

  23. Agnello, V., Koffler, D., Eisenberg, J. W., Winchester, R. J. and Kunkel, H. G. (1971). Clq precipitins in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other hypocomplementemic states: characterization of high and low molecular weight types. J. Exp. Med., 134, 228s

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Nydegger, U. E., Lambert, P. H., Gerber, H. and Miescher, P. A. (1974). Circulating immune complexes in the serum in systemic lupus erythematosus and in carriers of hepatitis B antigen. Quantitation by binding to radiolabeled Clq. J. Clin. Invest., 54, 297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Prince, A. M. and Trepo, C. (1971). Role of immune complexes involving SH antigen in pathogenesis of chronic active hepatitis and polyarteritis nodosa. Lancet, i, 1309

    Google Scholar 

  26. Trepo, C. G., Zuckerman, A. J., Bird, R. C. and Prince, A. M. (1974). The role of circulating hepatitis B antigen/antibody immune complexes in the pathogenesis of vascular and hepatic manifestations in polyarteritis nodosa. J. Clin. Path., 27, 863

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gocke, D. J., Hsu, K., Morgan, C., Bombardieri, S., Lockshin, M. and Christian, C. L. (1971). Vasculitis in association with Australia antigen. J. Exp. Med., 134, 330s

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Nowoslawski, A., Krawczynski, K., Brzosko, W. J. and Madalinski, K. (1972). Tissue localization of Australia antigen immune complexes in acute and chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Am. J. Path., 68, 31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Brzosko, W. J., Krawczynski, K., Nazarewicz, T., Morzycka, M. and Nowoslawski, A. (1974). Glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis B surface antigen immune complexes in children. Lancet, ii, 477

    Google Scholar 

  30. Paronetto, F. and Popper, H. (1965). Aggravation of hepatic lesions in mice by in vivo localization of immune complexes (Auer hepatitis). Am. J. Path. 47, 549

    Google Scholar 

  31. Biozzi, G. and Stiffel, C. (1965). The physiopathology of the reticuloendothelial cells of the liver and spleen. In Progress in liver diseases, H. Popper and F. Schaffner (eds.) 2, p. 166 (New York: Grune and Stratton)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Bjørneboe, M. and Prytz, H. (1975). Kupffer cells and cirrhosis. Lancet, i, 45

    Google Scholar 

  33. Gerber, M. A. and Paronetto, F. (1974). Hepatitis B antigen in human tissues. In The Liver and its diseases, F. Schaffner,’ S. Sherlock and C. M. Leevy (eds.) p. 54 (New York: International Medical Book Corporation)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gerber, M. A., Brodin, A., Steinberg, D., Vernace, S., Chen-Ping, Y. and Paronetto, F. (1972). Periarteritis nodosa, Australia antigen and lymphatic leukemia. N. Eng. J. Med., 286, 14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Edgington, T. S. and Ritt, D. J. (1971). Intrahepatic expression of serum hepatitis virus-associated antigens. J. Exp. Med., 134, 871

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gudat, F., Bianchi, L., Sonnabend, W., Thiel, G., Aenishaenslin, W. and Stalder, G. A. (1975). Pattern of core and surface expression in liver tissue reflects state of specific immune response in hepatitis B. Lab. Invest., 32, 1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Cochrane, C G., Wiegle, W. O. and Dixon, F. J. (1959). The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the initiation and cessation of Arthus vasculitis. J. Exp. Med., 110, 481

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Henson, P. M. (1971). Release of biologically active constituents from blood cells and its role in antibody-mediated tissue injury. In Progress in Immunology, B. Amos (ed.) p. 155 (New York: Academic Press)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Colombo, M., Vernace, S. J. and Paronetto, F. (1974). T-and B-lymphocytes in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology, 67, 783

    Google Scholar 

  40. Chess, L., Levine, H., MacDermott, R. P. and Schlossman, S. F. (1975). The maturation of human null cells into B-cells. Fed. Proc, 34, 1031

    Google Scholar 

  41. Katz, S. I., Parker, D. and Turk, J. L. (1974). B-ce11 suppression of delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Nature (Lond.), 251, 550

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Wybran, J. and Fudenberg, H. H. (1973). Thymus-derived rosette-forming cells in various human disease states: Cancer, lymphoma, bacterial and viral infections, and other diseases. J. Clin. Invest., 52, 1026

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Tolentino, P., Pasino, M., Braito, A., Astaldi, A. Jr. and Giacchino, R. (1974). Impaired T-lymphocyte function in chronic hepatitis? Digestion, 10, 331

    Google Scholar 

  44. Bernstein, L M., Webster, K. H., Williams, R. C. Jr. and Strickland, R. G. (1974). Reduction in circulating T-lymphocytes in alcoholic liver disease. Lancet, ii, 488

    Google Scholar 

  45. Berenyi, M. E., Straus, B. and Cruz, D. (1974). In vitro and in vivo studies of cellular immunity in alcoholic cirrhosis. Am. J. Digest. Dis., 19, 199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Fox, R. A., Scheuer, P. J., James, D. G., Sharma, O. and Sherlock, S. (1969). Impaired delayed hypersensitivity in primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet, i, 959

    Google Scholar 

  47. Sodomann, C-P., Havemann, K. and Martini, G. A. (1974)-Cellular immune reactions in the course of virus hepatitis. Digestion, 10, 328

    Google Scholar 

  48. Toh, B. H., Roberts-Thomson, I. C., Mathews, J. D., Whittingham, S. and Mackay, I. R. (1973). Depression of cell-mediated immùnity in old age and the immunopathic diseases, lupus erythematosus, chronic hepatitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exp. Immunol, 14, 193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Maerker-Alzer, G., Schumacher, K. and Gross, R. (1974)-Detection of lymphocytes with increased DNA-synthesis in the peripheral blood of patients with active chronic hepatitis. Klin. Wschr., 52, 190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Pettigrew, N. M., Russell, R. I., Goudie, R. B. and Chaudhuri, A. K. R. (1972). Evidence for a role of hepatitis virus B in chronic alcoholic liver disease. Lancet, ii, 724

    Google Scholar 

  51. MacSween, R. N. M., Galbraith, I., Thomas, M. A., Watkinson, G. and Ludlam, G. B. (1973). Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced lymphocyte transformation and Toxoplasma gondii antibody studies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 15, 35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Sutnick, A. I., Bugbee, S. J., London, W. T., Loeb, K. A., Peyretti, F., Litwin, S. and Blumberg, B. S. (1973). Lymphocyte function in normal people with persistent Australia antigen. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 82, 79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Nielsen, J. O., Reinicke, V., Dietrichson, O., Andersen, V., Thomsen, M. and Andersen, E. (1973). Immunological studies of Australia antigen carriers with and without liver diseases. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 15, 9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Warnatz, H. (1974). Immune reactions to hepatitis B antigen in acute and chronic hepatitis. Acta Hepato-Gastroenterol., 21, 237

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Chess, L., MacDermott, R. P. and Schlossman, S. F. (1974). Immunologic functions of isolated human lymphocyte subpopulations. 1. Quantitative isolation of human T-and B-cells and response to mitogens. J. Immunol., 113, 1113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Schumacher, K., Maerker-Alzer, G., and Wehmer, U. (1974). A lymphocyte-inhibiting factor isolated from normal human liver. Nature (Lond)., 251, 655

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sorrell, M. F. and Leevy, C. M. (1972). Lymphocyte transformation and alcoholic liver injury. Gastroenterology, 63, 1020

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Opolon, P., Cartron, J., Chicot, D. and Caroli, J. (1969). Application of the lymphoblast transformation test to the diagnosis of drug-induced hepatitis. Presse Med., 77, 2041

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Holland, P. and Mauer, A. M. (1964). Drug-induced in vitro stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes. Lancet, i, 1368

    Google Scholar 

  60. Sarkany, I. (1967). Lymphocyte transformation in drug hypersensitivity. Lancet, i, 743

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Paronetto, F. and Popper, H. (1970). Lymphocyte stimulation induced by halothane in patients with hepatitis following exposure to halothane. New Eng. J. Med., 283, 277

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. De Gast, G. C., Houwen, B. and Nieweg, H. O. (1973). Specific lymphocyte stimulation by purified, heat-inactivated hepatitis-B antigen. Br. Med J., 4, 707

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Yeung Laiwah, A. A. C., Chaudhuri, A. K. R. and Anderson, J. R. (1973). Lymphocyte transformation and leucocyte migration-inhibition by Australia antigen. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 15, 27

    Google Scholar 

  64. Pettigrew, N. M., Russell, R. I., Goudie, R. B. and Chaudhuri, A. K. R. (1972). Evidence for a role of hepatitis virus B in chronic alcoholic liver disease. Lancet, ii, 724

    Google Scholar 

  65. De Gast, G. C., Houwen, B., Que, G. S. and Nieweg, H. O. (1974). Lymphocyte stimulation by subtypes of HBsAg. Digestion, 10, 327

    Google Scholar 

  66. Bloom, B. R. (1971)-In vitro approaches to the mechanism of cell-mediated immune reactions. Adv. Immunol, 13, 101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Bacon, P. A., Berry, H. and Bown, R. (1972). Cell-mediated immune reactivity in liver disease. Gut. 13, 427

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Eddleston, A. L. W. F., McFarlane, I. G., Mitchell, C. G., Reed, W. D. and Williams, R. (1973). Cell-mediated immune response m primary biliary cirrhosis to a protein fraction from human bile. Br. Med. J., 4, 274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Miller, J., Mitchell, C. G., Eddleston, A. L. W. F., Smith, M. G. M., Reed W. D. and Williams, R. (1972). Cell-mediated immunity to a human liver-specific antigen in patients with active chronic hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet, ii, 296

    Google Scholar 

  70. Smith, M. G. M., Golding, P. L., Eddleston, A. L. W. F., Mitchell, C. G., Kemp, A. and Williams, R. (1972). Cell-mediated immune responses in chronic liver diseases. Br. Med. J., 1, 527

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Meyer zum Büschenfelde, K. H., Knolle, J. and Berger, J. (1974). Cellulä re immunreaktionen gegenü ber homologen leberspezifischen antigenen (HLP) bie chronischen Leberentzundungen. Klin. Wschr., 52, 246

    Google Scholar 

  72. Vergani, C., Oldoni, T. and Dioguardi, N. (1974). Leucocyte migration inhibition in liver disease. J. Clin. Path., 27, 772

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Mihas, A. A., Bull, D. M. and Davidson, C. S. (1974). Cellular immune reactivity to liver tissue in alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology, 67, 816

    Google Scholar 

  74. Hardt, F., Nerup, J. and Bendixen, G. (1960). Antihepatic cellular hypersensitivity in hepatic cirrhosis. Lancet, i, 730

    Google Scholar 

  75. Zetterman, R. K., Chen, T. and Leevy, C. M. (1974). Role of altered lymphocyte function in alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology, 67, 837

    Google Scholar 

  76. Richens, E. R., Irvine, W. J., Williams, M. J., Hartog, M. and Ancill, R. J. (1974). Cellular hypersensitivity to mitochondrial antigens in diabetes mellitus and its relationship to the presence of circulating autoantibodies. Clin. Exp. Immunol, 17, 71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Wartenberg, J., Doniach, D., Brostoff, J. and Roitt, I. M. (1973). Leucocyte migration inhibition with mitochondria in human autoimmune thyroid disorders. Clin. Exp. Immunol, 14, 203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. De Moura, M. C., Vernace, S. J. and Paronetto, F. (1975). Cell-mediated immune reactivity to hepatitis B surface antigen in liver diseases. Gastroenterology, 69, 310

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Dudley, F. J., Giustino, V. and Sherlock, C. (1972). Cell-mediated immunity in patients positive for hepatitis-associated antigen. Br. Med. J., 4, 754

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Gerber, M. J., Phuangsab, A., Vittal, S. B. V., Dourdourekas, D., Steigmann, F. and Clowdus, B. F. (1974). Cell-mediated immune response to hepatitis B antigen in patients with liver disease. Am. J. Dig. Dis., 19, 637

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Ibrahim, A. B., Vyas, G. N. and Perkins, H. A. (1975). Immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen. Infect. Immun., 11, 137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Irwin, G. R. Jr., Hierholzer, W. J. Jr., Cimis, R. and McCollum, R. W. (1974). Delayed hypersensitivity in hepatitis B: Clinical correlates of in vitro production of migration inhibition factor. J. Infect. Dis., 130, 580

    Google Scholar 

  83. Knolle, J., Meyer zum Büschenfelde, K. H., Bolte, J. P. and Berger, J. (1973). Cellulä re Immunreaktionen gegenü ber dem Hepatitisassoziierten antigen (HAA) und homologen leberspezifischen Protein (HLP) bei akuten HAA-positiven Hepatitiden. Klin. Wschr., 51, 1172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Lee, W. M., Reed, W. D., Mitchell, C. G., Galbraith, R. M., Eddieston, A. L. W. F., Zuckerman, A. J. and Williams, R. (1975). Cellular and humoral immunity to Hepatitis-B surface antigen in active chronic hepatitis. Br. Med. J., 1, 705

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Frei, P. C., Erard, P. and Zinkernagel, R. (1973). Cell-mediated immunity to hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) demonstrated by leucocyte migration test during and after acute B hepatitis. Biomedicine, 19, 379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Rocklin, R. E., MacDermott, R. P., Chess L., Schlossman, S. F. and David, J. R. (1974). Studies on mediator production by highly purified human T-and B-lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med., 140, 1303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Paronetto, F. and Vernace, S. J. (1975). Immunological studies in patients with chronic active hepatitis. Cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes to autochthonous liver cells grown in tissue culture. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 19, 99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Paronetto, F., Vernace, S. J. and Colombo, M. (1975). Further studies on the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes against liver cells in patients with chronic hepatitis (CH). Gastroenterology 68, 965

    Google Scholar 

  89. Geubel, A. P., Keller, R. H. Summerskill, W. H. J., Stobo, J. D., Tomasi, T. B. and Shorter, R. G. (1975). Cytotoxicity of autologous and normal lymphocytes against isolated liver cells from patients with chronic active liver disease (CALD). Gastroenterology, 68. 1084

    Google Scholar 

  90. Wands, J. R. and Isselbacher, K. J. (1975). Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to autologous liver cells in chronic active hepatitis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA), 72, 1301

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Thomson, A. D., Cochrane, M. A. G., McFarlane, I. G., Eddleston, A. L. W. F. and Williams, R. (1974). Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to isolated hepatocytes in chronic active hepatitis. Nature (Lond.), 252, 721

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Calder, E. A., Penhale, W. J., McLenan, D., Barnes, E. W. and Irvine, W. J. (1973). Lymphocyte-dependent antibody-mediated cytotoxicity in Hashimoto thyroiditis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 14, 153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hakala, T. R., Lange, P. H., Castro, A. E., Elliott, A. Y. and Fraley, E. E. (1974). Antibody induction of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against human transitional-cell carcinomas of the urinary tract. New Eng. J. Med., 291, 637

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Wunderlich, J. R., Rosenberg, E. B. and Connolly, J. M. (1971). Human lymphocyte-dependent cytotoxic antibody and mechanisms of target cell destruction in vitro. In Progess in Immunology, B. Amos (ed.) p. 473 (New York: Academic Press)

    Google Scholar 

  95. Hopf, U. and Meyer zum Büschenfelde, K. H. (1974). Studies on the pathogenesis of experimental chronic active hepatitis in rabbits. II. Demonstration of immunoglobulin on isolated hepatocytes. Br. J. Exp. Path., 55, 509

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Paronetto, F. Unpublished observations

    Google Scholar 

  97. Fox, R. A., Dudley, F. J., Samuels, M., Milligan, J. and Sherlock, S. (1973). Lymphocyte transformation in response to phytohaemagglutinin in primary biliary cirrhosis: The search for a plasma inhibitory factor. Gut, 14, 89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. MacSween, R. N. M. and Thomas, M. A. (1973). Lymphocyte transformation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and purified protein derivative (PPD) in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 15, 523

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hsu, C. C. S. and Leevy, C. M. (1971). Inhibition of PHA-stimulated lymphocyte transformation by plasma from patients with advanced alcoholic cirrhosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 8, 749

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Winter, G. C. B., McCarthy, C. F., Read, A. E. and Yoffey, J. M. (1967). Development of macrophages in phytohaemagglutinin cultures of blood from patients with idiopathic steatorrhoea and with cirrhosis. Br. J. Exp. Path., 48, 66

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Mella, B. and Lang, D. J. (1967). Leukocyte mitosis: Suppression in vitro associated with acute infectious hepatitis. Science, 155, 80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Mella, B. A. and Taswell, H. F. (1970). Suppression of leukocyte mitosis by sera of hepatitis-implicated donors. Am. J. Clin. Path., 53, 141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Willems, F. T., Melnick, J. L. and Rawls, W. E. (1969). Viral inhibition of the phytohaemagglutinin response of human lymphocytes and application to viral hepatitis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol., 130, 652

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Newble, D. I. Holmes, K. T., Wangel, A. G. and Forbes, I. J. (1975). Immune reactions in acute viral hepatitis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 20, 17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Newberry, W. M., Shorey, J. W., Sandford, J. P. and Combes, B. (1973). Depression of lymphocyte reactivity to phytohaemagglutinin by serum from patients with liver disease. Cell. Immunol., 6, 87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Wands, J. R., Perrotto, J. L., Alpert, E. and Isselbacher, K. J. (1975). Cell-mediated immunity in acute and chronic hepatitis. J. Clin. Invest., 55, 921

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Mackay, I. R. and Morris, P. J. (1972). Association of autoimmune active chronic hepatitis with HL-AI, 8. Lancet, ii, 793

    Google Scholar 

  108. Page, A., Sharp, H. and Yunis, E. (1975). HL-A and MLC typing studies in patients with active chronic hepatitis. Fed. Proc, 34, 1017

    Google Scholar 

  109. Galbraith, R. M. Eddleston, A. L. W. F., Smith, M. G. M., Williams, R., MacSween, R. N. M., Watkinson, G., Dick, H., Kennedy, L. A. and Batchelor, J. R. (1974). Histocompatibility antigens in active chronic hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Br. Med. J., 3, 604

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Barbanti, M., Reali, G. and Tolentino, P. (1974). Sistema maggiore dell’atibilita e malattie. Studio delle epatiti croniche HBAg-positive. Bull. Ist. Sieroterapico Milanese, 53, 4

    Google Scholar 

  111. Barker, L. F., Chisari, F. V., McGrath, P. P., Dalgard, D. W., Kirs-chstein, R. L., Almeida, J. D., Edgington, T. S., Sharp, D. G., and Peterson, M. R. (1973). Transmission of Type B viral hepatitis to chimpanzees. J. Infect. Dis., 127, 648

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Shikata, T., Uzawa, T., Yoshiwara, N., Akatsuka, T. and Yamazaki, S. (1974). Staining methods of Australia antigen in paraffin section. Detection of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Jap. J. Exp. Med., 44, 25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Huang, S. (1975). Immunohistochemical demonstration of hepatitis B core and surface antigens in paraffin sections. Lab. Invest., 33, 88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Guidelines for diagnosis of therapeutic drug-induced liver injury in liver biopsies (1974). Lancet, i, 854.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Popper, H. and Schaffner, F. (1971). The vocabulary of chronic hepatitis. New Eng. J. Med., 284, 1154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Rubin, E., Schaffner, F. and Popper, H. (1973). Primary biliary cirrhosis: chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis. Am. J. Pathol., 46, 387

    Google Scholar 

  117. Alarcon-Segovia, D., Díaz-Jouanen, E. and Fishbein, E. (1973). Features of Sjögren’s syndrome in primary biliary cirrohosis. Ann. Int. Med., 79, 31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Golding, P. L., Bown, R. and Stuart-Mason, A. (1971). Studies on multisystem involvement in active chronic hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. In Immunology of the liver, M. Smith and R. William (eds.) p. 194 (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Fiorenzo Paronetto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Gastrointestinal Unit, Western General Hospital Edinburgh and University of Edinburg, UK

    Anne Ferguson Ph.D., F.R.C.P., M.R.C. Path.

  2. Department of Pathology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow and University of Glasgow, UK

    Roderick N. M. MacSween M.D., F.R.C.P., M.R.C. Path.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1976 MTP Press Ltd.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Paronetto, F. (1976). Immune mechanisms in liver disease. In: Ferguson, A., MacSween, R.N.M. (eds) Immunological Aspects of the Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6150-3_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6150-3_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-011-6152-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-6150-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation