Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Instrumentation for supercritical fluid chromatography

  • Chapter
Applications of Supercritical Fluids in Industrial Analysis

Abstract

The essential components of a supercritical fluid chomatography (SFC) instrument consist of a mobile phase container which usually is a pressurized gas cylinder, a pump, an injector, a column in a thermostatted compartment, a restrictor and a detector. The components are similar to the components of a gas chromatography (GC) or a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrument, with the exception of the restrictor, which is needed to maintain the pressure above the critical point. Cylinders with carbon dioxide are equipped with a dip tube to allow the liquid phase to be withdrawn. With gas-phase detectors working at atmospheric pressure, the restrictor is connected prior to the detector (Figure 2.1a). If the detection is performed under supercritical conditions, the restrictor is the last component in the sequence (Figure 2.1b).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ashraf-Khorassani, M., Taylor, L.T. and Henry, R.A., (1989), Packed column SFC comparison of conventional and polymer-coated silica bonded phases. Chromatographia, 28 569–573.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baastoe M.B. and Lundanes, E., (1991), Capillary SFC of primary aliphatic amines using carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide as mobile phases. J. Chromatogr., 558 458–463.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baim, M.A. and Hill, H.H. Jr., (1982), Tunable selective detection for capillary GC by ion mobility monitoring. Anal. Chem., 54 38–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, B.E. and Greibrokk, T., (1989), The solvent venting injection technique in capillary SFC. J High Resolut. Chromatogr.,12 322–326.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, B.E., Flaaten, A.M., Paus, J. and Greibrokk, T., (1992), Extended use of solvent venting injection techniques for large sample volumes and coupled capillary columns in SFC. J. Microcol. Sep., 4 227–232.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, T.A. and Deye, J.F., (1990), Composition and density effects using methanol/carbon dioxide in packed column SFC. Anal. Chem., 62 1181–1185.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, A.J., Games, D.E. and Perkins, J.R., (1986), SFC and SFC—MS studies of some polar compounds. J. Chromatogr., 363 147–158.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blilie, A.L. and Greibrokk, T. (1985a), Gradient programming and combined gradient—pressure programming in SFC. J. Chromatogr.,349 317–322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blilie, A.L. and Greibrokk, T., (1985b), Modifier effects on retention and peak shape in SFC. Anal. Chem.,57 2239–2242.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brossard, S., Lafosse, M. and Dreux, M., (1992), Comparison of ethoxylated alcohols and polyethylene glycols by high performance liquid chromatography or supercritical fluid chromatography using evaporative light-scattering detection. J. Chromatogr., 591 149–157.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, H.-C.K. and Taylor, L.T., (1990), The performance of electron-capture detection after capillary SFC. J. Chromatogr. Sci.,28 29–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chervet, J.P., Ursem, M., Salzmann, J.P. and Vannoort, R.W., (1989), Ultra-sensitive UV detection in micro separation. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 12 278–281.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chester, T.L., (1984), Capillary SFC with FID: reduction of detection artifacts and extension of detectable molecular weight range. J. Chromatogr., 299 424–431.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chester, T.L. and Innis, D.P., (1989), Sample loss and its control with internal-loop injection valves in SFC. J. Microcol. Sep., 1 230–233.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chester, T.L., Innis, D.P. and Owens, G.D., (1985), Separation of sucrose esters by capillary SFC/FID with robot-pulled capillary restrictors. Anal. Chem., 57 2243–2247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cortes, H.J. Pfeiffer, C.D., Richter, B.E. and Stevens, T.S., (1987), Porous ceramic bed supports for fused silica packed capillary columns used in LC. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 10 446–448.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crow, J.A. and Foley, J.P., (1991), Formic acid modified carbon dioxide as a mobile phase in capillary SFC. J. Microbiol. Sep., 3 47–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • David, P.A. and Novotny, M., (1989), Analysis of steroids by capillary SFC with phosphorus-selective detection. J. Chromatogr.,461 111–120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, I.L., Xu, B., Markides, K.E., Bartle, K.D. and Lee, M.L., (1989), Multidimensional open-tubular column SFC using a flow-switching interface. J. Microcol. Sep., 1 71–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, T.A. and Poole, C.F., (1989), Solventless injection for packed columns in SFC. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr.,12 773–778.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Weerdt, M., Dewaele, C., Verzele, M. and Sandra, P., (1990), Packing material activity in packed capillary column SFC. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr.,13 40–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eatherton, R.L., Morrissey, M.A., Siems, W.F. and Hill, H.H., Jr., (1986), Ion mobility detection after SFC. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 9 154–160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farbrot Buskhe, A., Berg, B.E., Gyllenhaal, O. and Greibrokk, T., (1988), Splitless injection in capillary SFC. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 11 16–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farwell, S.O., Gage, D.R. and Kagel, R.A., (1981), Current status of prominent selective GC detectors: A critical assessment. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 19 358–376.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fields, S.M. and Grolimund, K., (1989), Evaluation of supercritical sulfur hexafluoride as a mobile phase for polar and non-polar compounds. J. Chromatogr., 472 197–208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fields, S.M. and Lee, M.L., (1985), Effects of density and temperature on efficiency in capillary SFC. J. Chromatogr., 349 305–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fields, S.M., Markides, K.E. and Lee, M.L., (1988), UV detector for capillary SFC with compressible mobile phases. Anal. Chem., 60 802–806.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fjeldsted, J.C. and Lee, M.L., (1984), Capillary SFC. Anal. Chem.,56 619A–628A.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fjeldsted, J.C., Kong, R.C. and Lee, M.L., (1983a), Capillary SFC with conventional flame detectors. J. Chromatogr., 279 449–455.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fjeldsted, J.C., Richter, B.E., Jackson, W.P. and Lee, M.L., (1983b), Scanning fluorescence detection in capillary SFC. J. Chromatogr., 279 423–430.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foreman, W.T., Sievers, R.E. and Wenclawiak, B.W., (1988), SFC with redox chemiluminescence detection. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 330 231–234.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • France, J.E. and Voorhees, K.J., (1988), Capillary SFC with UV multichannel detection of some pesticides and herbicides. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 11 692–696.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • French, S.B. and Novotny, M., (1986), Xenon, a unique mobile phase for SFC. Anal. Chem., 58164–166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto, C., Yoshida, H. and Jinno, K., (1987), Interfacing of ICP-AES to SFC for elemental detection. J. Chromatogr., 411 213–220.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto, C., Yoshida, H. and Jinno, K., (1989), The use of polar modifiers in microbore SFC combined with ICP spectrometry. J. Microcol. Sep., 1 19–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuoco, R. Pentoney, S.L. and Griffiths, P.R., (1989), Comparison of sampling techniques for combined SFC and FT—IR with mobile phase detection. Anal. Chem., 61 2212–2218.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gemmel, B., Lorenschat, B. and Schmitz, F.P., (1989), Separation of oligomers of medium polarity by packed column SFC. Chromatographia, 27 605–610.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gere, D.R., Board, R. and McManigill, D., (1982), SFC with small particle diamater packed columns. Anal. Chem., 54 736–740.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giddings, J.C., Myers, M.N. and King, J.W., (1969), Dense gas chromatography at pressures to 2000 atmospheres. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 7 276–283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giorgetti, A., Pericles, N., Widmer, H.M., Anton, K. and Dätwyler, P., (1989), Mixed mobile phases and pressure programming in packed and capillary column SFC: A unified approach. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 27 318–324.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greibrokk, T., Blilie, A.L., Johansen, E.J. and Lundanes, E., (1984), New system for delivery of the mobile phase in SFC. Anal. Chem.,56 2681–2684.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greibrokk, T., Doehl, J., Farbrot, A. and Iversen, B., (1986), Mobile phase delivery in SFC. J. Chromatogr., 371 145–152.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greibrokk, T., Berg, B.E., Blilie, A.L., Doehl, J., Farbrot, A. and Lundanes, E., (1987), Techniques and applications in SFC. J. Chromatogr.,394 429–441.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greibrokk, T., Berg, B.E. and Johansen, H., (1988), Sample injection in capillary SFC. In International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids, M. Perrut (Ed)., Nice, October 1988, pp. 425–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie, E.J. and Schwartz, H.E., (1986), Integral pressure restrictor for capillary SFC. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 24 236–241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagen, H.M., Eitrem Landmark, K. and Greibrokk, T., (1991), Separation of oligomers of polyethylene glycols by SFC. J. Microcol. Sep., 3 27–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, M.C. and Stearns, S.D., (1983), HPLC sample injection using electric valve actuators. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 21 473–477.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawthorne, S.B. and Miller, D.J., (1989), An almost on-column injector for capillary SFC. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 27 197–202.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirata, Y., (1990), Column technology for packed capillary columns J Microcol. Sep., 2 214–221.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirata, Y. and Nakata, F., (1984), SFC with fused-silica packed columns. J. Chromatogr., 295 315–322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirata, Y., Tanaka, M. and Inomata, K., (1989), Purged splitless injection in microcolumn SFC. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 27 395–398.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirata, Y., Koshiba, H. and Maeda, T., (1990), Introduction of large sample volumes in capillary SFC. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr.,13 619–623.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirata, Y., Kadota, Y. and Kondo, T., (1991), Technique for injecting very large volumes in capillary SFC. J. Microcol. Sep., 3 17–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, S and Greibrokk, T., (1989), Packed capillary SFC with mixed mobile phases and light-scattering detection. J. Microcol. Sep., 1 35–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, E.C., Jackson, B.J., Markides, K.E. and Lee, M.L., (1988), Direct heated interface probe for capillary SFC/double focusing MS. Anal. Chem., 60 2715–2719.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, H.-P. and Morgan, E.D., (1990), Analysis of azadirachtin by SFC. J. Chromatogr., 519 137–143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, M.X., Markides, K.E. and Lee, M.L., (1991), Evaluation of an ion mobility detector for SFC with solvent-modified carbon dioxide mobile phases. Chromatographia, 31 163–167.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, M.E. and Fasching, J.L., (1985), Development and applications of a combined SFC with FTIR. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 24 535–540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, H.-G., Rijks, J.A. and Cramers, C.A., (1990), Flow rate control in pressure-programmed capillary SFC. J. Microcol. Sep., 2 26–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jinno, K., Hoshino, T., Hondo, T., Saito, M. and Senda, M., (1986), Identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in extracts of diesel particulate matter by SFC coupled with an UV multichannel detector. Anal. Chem., 58 2696–2699.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jinno, K., Mae, H. and Fujimoto, C., (1990), Packed microcolumn SFC coupled with photodiode array UV detector and ICP. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 13 13–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C.C., Jordan, J.W., Taylor, L.T. and Vidrine, D.W., (1985), On-line SFC with FTIR spectrometric detection employing packed columns and a high pressure lightpipe flow cell. Chromatographia, 20 717–723.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalinoski, H.T., Udseth, H.R., Wright, B.W. and Smith, R.D., (1987), Analytical applications of capillary SFC-MS. J. Chromatogr.,400 307–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kallio, H., Laakso, P., Huopalahti, R. and Linko, R.R., (1989), Analysis of butter fat triacylglycerols by SFC/electron impact MS. Anal. Chem.,61 698–700.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, S. and Wall, R.J., (1988), Electron-capture detection of agrochemicals by SFC. 6 930–932.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, J., Rose, A. and Schomburg, G., (1988), Instrumentation for SFC systems: Different sampling and restriction designs. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 11 191–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koski, I.J., Markides, K.E., Richter, B.E. and Lee, M.L. (1991), Large volume sample introduction for open tubular SFC. In 13th Int. Symp. on Cap. Chrom., P. Sandra (Ed.), Riva del Garda, pp. 1628–1640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuei, J.C., Markides, K.E. and Lee, M.L., (1987), Supercritical ammonia as mobile phase in capillary chromatography. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr.,10 257–262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lafosse, M., Dreux, M. and Morin-Allory, L., (1987), Champs d’application d’un nouveau détecteur évaporatif à diffusion de lumière pour la chromatographie liquide hautes performances et la chromatographe en phase supercritique. J. Chromatogr., 404 95–105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leach, R.A. and Harris, J.M., (1984), Supercritical fluids as spectroscopic solvents for thermooptical absorption measurements. Anal. Chem., 56 1481–1487.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, E.D. and Henion, J.D., (1986), Open tubular column SFC/MS on a benchtop mass spectrometer. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr.,9 172–174.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, E.D., Hsu, S.-H. and Henion, J.D., (1988), Electron-ionization-like mass spectra by capillary SFC/charge exchange MS. Anal. Chem., 60 1990–1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M.L. and Markides, K.E., (Eds), (1990), Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction, Chromatography Conferences, Inc., Provo, UT, USA, pp. 264–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M.L., Xu, B., Huang, E.C., Djordjevic, N.M., Chang, H.-C.K. and Markides, K.E., (1989), Liquid sample introduction methods in capillary SFC. J. Microcol. Sep., 1 7–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J.M. and Ritchey, W.M., (1986), Investigations of the uses of modifiers in SFC. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 24 242–248.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Z., Farnsworth, P.B. and Lee, M.L., (1991), Sample introduction in capillary SFC using sequential density gradient focussing and solvent venting. J. Microcol. Sep., 3, 435–442.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luffer, D.R. and Novotny, M.V., (1991), Capillary SFC and microwave-induced plasma detection of cyclic boronate esters of hydroxyl compounds. J. Microcol. Sep., 3, 39–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luffer, D.R., Galante, L.J., David, P.A., Novotny, M. and Hieftje, G.M., (1988), Evaluation of a SFC coupled to a surface-wave-sustained microwave-induced plasma detector. Anal. Chem., 60 1365–1369.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markides, K.E., Lee, E.D., Bolick, R. and Lee, M.L., (1986), Capillary SFC with dual-flame photometric detection. Anal. Chem.,54 740–743.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, M. and Guiochon, G., (1978), Theoretical study of the gradient elution profiles obtained with syringe-type pumps in LC. J. Chromatogr., 151 267–289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathiasson, L., Jonsson, J.A. and Karlsson, L. (1989), Determination of nitrogen compounds by SFC using nitrous oxide as the mobile phase and nitrogen-sensitive detection. J. Chromatogr., 467 61–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merritt, M.V., Sheeley, D.M. and Reibhold, V.N., (1991), Characterization of glycosphingolipids by SFC—MS. Anal. Biochem., 193 24–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mol, J.G.J., Zegers, B.N., Lingeman, H. and Brinkman, U.A.Th., (1991), Packed-capillary SFC of pesticides using phosphorus-selective detection. Chromatographia, 32 203–210.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morin, P., Caude, M., Richard, H. and Rosset, R., (1986), Carbon dioxide SFC—FTIR spectrometry. Chromatographia, 21 523–530.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey, M.A., Siems, W.F. and Hill, H.H., Jr., (1990), Ion mobility detection of polydimethylsilicone oligomers following SFC. J. Chromatogr., 505 215–225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motley, C.B., Ashraf-Khorassani, M. and Long, G.L., (1989), Microwave-induced plasma as an elemental detector for packed column SFC. Appl. Spectrosc., 43 737–741.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moulder, R., Briggs, J., Cole, E.R., Bartle, K.D. and Clifford, A.A., (1991), SFC with electron capture detection. In Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Cap. Chromatogr., P. Sandra (Ed.), Huethig, Heidelberg, pp. 1609–1613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mourier, P.A., Caude, M.H. and Rosset, R.H., (1985a), Rétention, sélectivité et efficacité en chromatographie en phase supercritique. Analusis, 13 299–311.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mourier, P.A., Eliot, E., Caude, M.H., Rosset, R.H. and Tambute, A.G., (1985b), Supercritical and subcritical fluid chromatogrpahy on a chiral stationary phase for the resolution of phosphine oxide enantiomers. Anal. Chem., 57 2819–2823.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nizery, D., Thiebaut, D., Claude, M., Rosset, R., Lafosse, M. and Dreux, M., (1989), Improved evaporative light-scattering detection for SFC with carbon dioxide—methanol mobile phases. J. Chromatogr., 467 49–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novotny, M., Springston, S.R., Peaden, P.A., Fjeldsted, J.C. and Lee, M.L. (1981), Capillary SFC. Anal. Chem., 53 407A–417A.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novotny, M., Lee, M.L., Peaden, P.A., Fjeldsted, J.C. and Springston, S.R., (1985), Open-tubular SFC. U.S. Pat. no. 4 479–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olesik, S.V., French, S.B. and Novotny, M., (1984), Development of capillary SFC/FTIR. Chromatographia,18 489–495.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olesik, J.W. and Olesik, S.V., (1987), Supercritical fluid-based sample introduction for inductively coupled plasma atomic spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 59 796–799.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne, K.M., Tarbet, B.J., Bradshaw, J.S., Markides, K.E. and Lee, M.L., (1990), Simultaneous deactivation and coating of porous silica particles for microcolumn SFC. Anal. Chem., 62 1379–1384.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peaden, P.A. and Lee, M.L., (1983), Theoretical treatment of resolving power in open tubular column SFC. J. Chromatogr.,259 1–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pekay, L.A. and Olesik, S.V., (1989), SFC/FPD: Determination of high MW compounds. Anal. Chem., 61 2616–2624.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pekay, L.A. and Olesik, S.V., (1990), Evaluation of sulfur chemiluminescence detection in SFC. J. Microcol. Sep., 2 270–277.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, N.L., Richter, B.E., Bornhop, D.J., Later, D.W. and Beyerlein, F.H., (1987), Effects of fluid filling techniques on reproducibility in capillary SFC. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 10 477–478.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rawdon, M.G., (1984), Modified FID for SFC. Anal. Chem., 56 831–832.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raynor, M.W., Bartle, K.D., Davies, I.L., Williams, A., Clifford, A.A., Chalmers, J.M. and Cook, B.W., (1988), Polymer additive characterization by capillary SFC/FTIR microspectrometry. Anal. Chem., 60 427–433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raynor, M.W., Kithinji, J.P., Bartle, K.D., Games, D.E., Mylchreest, I.C., Morgan, E.D. and Wilson, I.D., (1989), Packed column SFC for the analysis of phytoecdysteroids from Silene nutans and Silene otites. J. Chromatogr.,467 292–298.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raynor, M.W., Bartle, K.D., Clifford, A.A. and Cook, B.W., (1990), Stopped-flow FTIR detection in capillary SFC. J. Microcol. Sep.,2 300–303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhold, V.N., Sheeley, D.M., Kuei, J. and Her, G.-R., (1988), Analysis of high molecular weight samples on a double-focusing magnetic sector instrument by SFC/MS. Anal. Chem., 60 2719–2722.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, B.E., Knowles, D.E., Andersen, M.R., Porter, N.L., Campbell, E.R. and Later, D.W., (1988), Reproducibility in capillary SFC: Comparison of injection techniques. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 11 29–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, B.E., Bornhop, D.J., Swanson, J.T., Wangsgaard, J.G. and Andersen, M.R., (1989), GC detectors in SFC. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 27 303–308.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivière, B., Mermet, J.-M. and Deruaz, D. (1988), Spectroscopic evaluation of a carbon dioxide and a helium—carbon dioxide microwave-induced plasma (Surfatron). J. Anal. Atomic Spectrom., 3 551–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saito, M., Yamauchi, Y. and Kashiwazaki, H. (1988), New pressure regulating system for constant mass flow SFC and physico-chemical analysis of mass-flow reduction in pressure programming by analogous circuit model. Chromatographia,25 801–805.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saito, T. and Takeuchi, M., (1989), Development of semi-micro supercritical fluid chromatograph and its application. Jeol News,25A 14–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanagi, M.M. and Smith, R., (1988), The emergence and instrumentation of SFC. In Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (R. Smith, Ed.), Royal Society of Chemistry, London, pp. 43–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, C.W. and Taylor, L.T., (1989), The effect of elevated temperature on conventional stationary phases used in SFC. Chromatographia,28 253–257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, B.A., (1972), Response of the flame ionization detector to oxygen and nitrous oxide. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 10 111–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoenmakers, P.J. and Uunk, L.G.M., (1987), Effects of the column pressure drop in packed-column SFC. Chromatographia,24 51–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schomburg, G. and Roeder, W., (1989), Sampling techniques for SFC using peak focusing by pressure and/or temperature programming. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 12 218–225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schomburg, G., Behlau, H., Haüsig, U., Hoening, B. and Roeder, W., (1989), Quantitation in miniaturized GC and SFC systems. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr.,12 142–148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, H.E. and Brownlee, R.G., (1986), Hydrocarbon group analysis of gasolines with microbore SFC and FID. J. Chromatogr., 353 77–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, R.P.W. and Simpson, C.F., (1982), Determination of the extra column dispersion occurring in the different components of a chromatographic system. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 20 62–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shafer, K.H. and Griffiths, P.R., (1983), On-line SFC/FTIR. Anal. Chem., 55 1939–1942.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shafer, K.H., Pentoney, S.L. and Griffiths, P.R., (1984), SFC/diffuse reflectance FTIR. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 7 707–709.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, S. and Taylor, L.T., (1989), On-line SFC—FTIR analysis of agriculturally-related compounds. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr.,12 599–603.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, W.-L., Vela, N.P., Sheppard, B.S. and Caruso, J.A. (1991), Evaluation of ICP—MS as an elemental detector for SFC. Anal. Chem., 63 1491–1496.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sie, S.T., van Beersum, W. and Rijinders, G.W.A. (1966), High pressure GC and chromato-graphy with supercritical fluids. I. The effect of pressure on partition coefficients in GLC with carbon dioxide as a carrier gas. Sep. Sci., 1, 459–490.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, J.K., Sin, C.H., Zabriskie, N.A., Fields, S.M., Lee, M.L. and Goates, S.R. (1989), SFC—supersonic jet spectroscopy: I. Microcolumns and direct expansions. J. Microcol. Sep., 1 200–206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, R.C., Gant, J.R. and Brown, P.R., (1986), Modification of conventional HPLC equipment for use in carbon dioxide SFC. J. Chromatogr., 371 109–119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skelton, R.J., Jr., Markides, K.E., Farnsworth, P.B. and Lee, M.L., (1988), Multi-element selective radio frequency plasma detector for capillary gas chromatography. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 11, 75–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R.D., Felix, W.D., Fjeldsted, J.C. and Lee, M.L., (1982), Direct fluid injection interface for capillary SFC—MS. J. Chromatogr.,247 231–243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R.D., Udseth, H.R. and Kalinoski, H.T., (1984), Capillary SFC/MS with electron impact ionization. Anal. Chem.,56 2971–2973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stolyhwo, A., Colin, H. and Guiochon, G., (1983), Use of light scattering as a detector principle in LC. J. Chromatogr., 265 1–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuominen, J.P., Markides, K.E. and Lee, M.L., (1991), Optimization of internal valve injection in open tubular SFC. J. Microcol. Sep., 3 229–239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West, W.R. and Lee, M.L., (1986), Evaluation of thermoionic detector for capillary SFC of nitrated polycyclic aromatic compounds. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 9 161–167.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wieboldt, R.C., Adams, G.E. and Later, D.W., (1988), Sensitivity improvement in infrared detection for SFC. Anal. Chem., 60 2422–2427.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, B.W., Kalinoski, H.T., Udseth, H.R. and Smith, R.D., (1986), Capillary SFC/MS. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 9 145–153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, F.J., (1989), In 1989 Symposium/Workshop on SFC, K.E. Markides and M.L. Lee (Eds), Comps., Brigham Young University Press, Provo, UT, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yonker, C.R. and Smith, R.D., (1986), Study of retention processes in capillary SFC with binary fluid mobile phases. J. Chromatogr.,361 25–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., Carnahan, J.W., Winans, R.E. and Neill, P.H., (1991), SFC with a helium microwave-induced plasma for chlorine-selective detection. Anal. Chem., 63 212–216.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. T. Greibrokk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, UK

    John R. Dean

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Greibrokk, T. (1993). Instrumentation for supercritical fluid chromatography. In: Dean, J.R. (eds) Applications of Supercritical Fluids in Industrial Analysis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2146-0_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2146-0_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4951-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2146-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation