Abstract
There are two complimentary approaches to studying the environment effects of fuel use and energy conversion. The first is to be completely systematic and to follow through each technology in great detail, and itemize each impact, whether large or small. The second, followed here, is to pick out those items that either dominate the risk or impact, or dominate the public perception thereof, and try to understand them in some detail. I pick the following:
-
(a)
What is the effect upon health of particulate air pollution at today’s levels? Experts increasingly believe that particulates kill 70,000 people a year in the USA, but it has not yet been officially admitted by any government.
-
(b)
I will discuss another global environmental effect of a heavy metal: the pollution of water supplies, particularly in the Bengal Basin (West Bengal and Bangladesh) by arsenic and the implications this has for the world.
-
(c)
I will then argue that the future of the world demands administrative control of a number of environmental issues. This is most clear when we discuss high intensity radioactive sources and plutonium.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Amdur, M.O. (1989) Sulfuric Acid: The Animals Tried to Tell Us. Stokinger Lecture, Appl. Ind. Hygiene 4, 189–197.
Armitage P. and Doll R. (1954) Brit J. Cancer 8, 1–12.
Armitage P. and Doll R. (1957) Brit J. Cancer 11, 161–169.
Arsenic Website (1998) http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/arsenic_project_main.html).
Beaver (Chairman) (1954) Interim report (on London air pollution incident) Committee on Air Pollution: Cmd 9011, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London.
Byrd, D.M., Roegner, M Luann, Griffiths, James C, Lamm, Steven H., Grumski, Karen S, Wilson, Richard, and Lai Shenghan (1996) Carcinogenic risks of inorganic arsenic in perspective. International Arch Occupational Environmental Health 68, 484–494.
Chen, C.J., Chuang, Y.C., You, S.L., and Lin, H.Y. (1986). Retrospective Study on Malignant Neoplasms of Bladder, Lung and Liver in Blackfoot Disease Endemic Area in Taiwan, Br J Cancer 53, 399–405.
Cohen, B.L. (1977) High Level Radioactive Waste from Light-Water Reactors, Revs. Mod. Phys. 49 (1), 1–21.
Crawford, M and Wilson, R. (1996) Low Dose Linearity — The Rule or the Exception? Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 2 (2) 305-330.
Crowther J. (1924) Some considerations relative to the action of x-rays on tissue cells, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond B, Biol. Sci. 96, 207–211.
Crump, KS, Hoel, DG, Langley, CH, and Peto, R. (1976) Fundamental carcinogenic processes and their implications for low dose risk assessment. Cancer Res 36, 2973–2979.
Dockery, D.W., Pope, III, Xu, X., Spengler, J.D., Ware, J.H., Fay, E., Ferris, B.G., and Speizer, F.E. (1992) An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six Cities, New England Journal of Medicine 329, 1753.
Evelyn, J. (1661) Fumigorum, or the inconvenience of the air and smoke of London dissipated. Together with some remedies humbly proposed, 2nd printing. Reprinted by the National Society for Clean Air, London, 1961.
Ferreccio C, et al. (1998) Lung cancer and arsenic exposure in drinking water: a case-control study in northern Chile, Cad Saude Publica 14 (Suppl 3), 193–198.
Holland, W.W., Bennett, A.E., Cameron, I.R., Florey, C. DuV, Leeder, S.R., Schilling, R.S.F, Swan, A.V., and Waller, R.E. (1979) Health Effects of Particulate Pollution: Reappraising the Evidence, Amer. J. Epidemiol. 110, 525–659.
Hopenhavyn-Rich, C, et al. (1998) Lung and kidney cancer mortality associated with arsenic in drinking water in Cordoba, Argentina, Int J Epidemiol 27(4), 561–569.
Hopenhayn-Rich, C, Biggs, ML, Smith, AH, Fuchs, A, Bergoglio, R, Tello E, Nicolli, H. (1996) Bladder cancer mortality associated with arsenic in drinking water and in Cordoba, Argentina, Epidemiology 7, 117–124.
Hutchinson, J. (1887) Arsenic cancer, Br Med J. 2, 1280–1281.
Hutchinson, J. (1888) Diseases of the skin: On some examples of Arsenic_keratosis of the skin and of Arsenic-Cancer, Transactions of the Pathological Society of London 39, 352–363.
IAEA (2000) Communication from Dr Abel Gonzales, International Atomic Energy Agency.
Janssen, N.A, Hoek, G., Harssema, H., Brunekreef, B. (1995) A Relationship Between Personal and Ambient PM10, Epidemiology. 6(suppl.), S45.
Luo, Zhen-dong, Zhang, Yu-min, Ma, Liang, Zhang, Ge-You, He, Xingzhou, Wilson, Richard, Byrd, Daniel, Griffiths, Jim, Lai, Shenghan, He, Lili, Grumski, Karen, Lamm, Steven H. (1995) Chronic Arsenicism and Skin Cancer in Inner Mongolia — Consequences of Arsenic in well Water”. SEGH Presentation Paper, San Diego June. Printed 5 October.
McMuny, P.H. and Zhang, X.Q. (1989) Size distribution of ambient organic and elemental carbon. Aerosol Sci. & Technol. 10, 430–437.
Pope, C.A. III, Thun, M.J., Namboodiri, M.M., Dockery, D.W., Evans, J.S., et al. (1995) Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults, American Journal ofRespiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine 151, 669–674.
Wilson R., Calome, S, Spengler J, and Wilson, D.G. (1982) Health Effects of Fossil Fuel Burning, Ballinger Press, Cambridge, MA
Wilson R., and Spengler J (Eds.) (1996) Particles in our Air: Concentrations and Health Effects, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
Wilson R. (2000) Comment on Proposed regulations (to US Environmental Protection Agency). Available on the web at http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/EPA3_2000.html
Cuzick, J., Sasieni, P. and Evans, S. (1992). Ingested Arsenic, Keratoses, and Bladder, Cancer 136 (4), 417–421.
Raizenne, M., Neas, L.M., Damokosh, A.I., Dockery, D.W., Spengler, J.D., Koutrakis, P., Ware, J.H. and Speizer, F.E. (1996) Health Effects of Acid Aerosols on North American Children: Puhnonary Function, Environmental Health Perspectives 104, 506–514.
Smith, Allan H., Lingas, Elena O. and Rahman, Mahfuzar (2000) Contamination of drinking water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency. Bulletin World Health Organization 78 (9), 1093–1103.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wilson, R. (2001). Some Global Environmental Issues of the 21st Century. In: Frontasyeva, M.V., Perelygin, V.P., Vater, P. (eds) Radionuclides and Heavy Metals in Environment. NATO Science Series, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0993-5_46
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0993-5_46
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-0059-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0993-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive