Abstract
The induction of bone sarcomas increases with both dose and protraction of 224Ra irradiation. From 224Ra data in man, we estimate that the risk coefficient ranges from about 40 up to 200 bone sarcomas/106 person·rad of average skeletal dose, depending on whether the 224Ra is given in a single injection or given weekly for several years. Limited experimental results in beagles and mice suggest that the risk per rad should be roughly similar for protracted skeletal irradiation from 239Pu and 224Ra, both of which decay to a large extent on bone surfaces. The risk coefficient for Long-lived 226Ra and 228Ra, which decay mostly within bone volume, is much smaller, and is estimated by us to lie between 6 and 53 bone sarcomas/106 person·rad.
Of special interest is the risk from the 224Ra therapy currently being used in Germany, of 10 weekly injections, each of 28 µCi 224Ra, which gives a cumulative average skeletal dose of 56 rad to a 70 kg adult. Present data from the 224Ra patients indicate that the resulting risk from induced bone sarcoma is between 0 and 0.5%
Supported by USERDA Contract EY-76-C-02-0119, and by EURATOM Contract 218-76-1-BIO D.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Lloyd, R.D., C.W. Mays, D.R. Atherton and D.O. Clark,The half-period of Ra 224 (Thorium-X). Research in Radiobiology, University of Utah Report COO-225 (1962) 88–89.
2. Marshall, J.H., The retention of radionuclides in bone.C.W. Mays, W.S.S. Jee, R.D. Lloyd, B.J. Stover, J.H. Dougherty and G.N. Taylor (Ed.): Delayed effects of bone-seeking radionuclides, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City (1969), 7–27 (particularly, see the comment of R.E. Rowland on page 48 of this book).
Marshall, J.H., J. Liniecki, E.L. Lloyd, G. Marotti, C.W. Mays, J. Rundo, H.A. Sissons and W.S. Snyder, Alkaline earth metabolism in adult man. Health Physics 24, 125–221 (1972).
Marshall, J.H., P.G. Groer and R.A. Schlenker, Dose to endosteal cells and relative distribution factors for radium-224 and plutonium-239 compared to radium-226. Health Physics (in press).
Muller, W.A., W. Gossner, 0. Hug and A. Luz, Late effects of short-lived a-emitters. Health Physics (in press).
6. Spiess, H., H. Poppe and H. Schoen, Strahleninduzierte Knochentumoren nach Thorium X-Behandlung. Monatsschrift fur Kinderheilkunde 110, 198–201 (1962).
Spiess, H., 224Ra-induced tumors in children and adults.C.W. Mays, W.S.S. Jee, R.D. Lloyd, B.J. Stover, J.H. Dougherty and G.N. Taylor (Ed.): Delayed effects of bone-seeking radionuclides, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City (1969), 227–247.
Spiess, H. and C.W. Mays, Bone cancers induced by 224 Ra (ThX) in children and adults. Health Physics 19, 713–729 (1970)
Spiess, H. and C.W. Mays, plus addendum, Health Physics 20, 543–545 (1971).
Spiess, H. and C.W. Mays, Protraction effect on bone sarcoma induction of 224Ra in children and adults.In: C.L. Sanders, R.H. Busch, J.E. Ballou and D.D. Mahlum (Ed.), Radionuclide carcinogenesis, AEC Symposium Series 29, CONF-720505 (1973), 437–450.
Spiess, H., A. Gerspach and C.W. Mays, Soft-tissue effects following 224Ra injections into humans. Health Physics (in press).
Mays, C.W., H. Spiess and A. Gerspach, Skeletal effects following 224Ra injections into humans. Health Physics (in press).
Keane, A.T., A.F. Stehney and R.E. Rawland, Appearance times of human bone tumors induced by skeletal deposits of radium. Radiat.Res. 67, 625–626 (1976).
Jee, W.S.S., J.S. Arnold, T.H. Cochran, J.A. Twente and R.S. Mical, Relationship of microdistribution of alpha particles to damage. T.F. Dougherty, W.S.S. Jee, C.W. Mays and B.J. Stover (Ed.): Some aspects of internal irradiation, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1962), 27–45.
Jee, W.S.S., B.J. Stover, G.N. Taylor and W.R. Christensen,The skeletal toxicity of Pu239 in adult beagles. Health Physics 8, 599–607 (1962).
Mays, C.W., Estimated risk from 239pu to human bone,liver, and lung. M. Lewis (Ed.): Biological and environmental effects of low level radiation, Vol. II, IAEA, Vienna (1976), 373–384.
Mays, C.W., H. Spiess, G.N. Taylor, R.D. Lloyd, W.S.S. Jee, S. McFarland, D.H. Taysum, T.W. Brammer, D. Brammer and T.A. Pollard, Estimated risk to human bone from 239Pu. W.S.S. Jee (Ed.): The health effects of plutonium and radium, J.W. Press, Anatomy Dept., University of Utah, Salt Lake City (1976), 343–362.
Barr, N.F. and E. Sinclair, Personal communication to C.W. Mays (August 1976).
Maletskos, C.J., A.T. Keane, N.C. Telles and R.D. Evans,Retention and absorption of 22IfRa and 234th and some dosimetric consequences of 224Ra in human beings. C.W. Mays, W.S.S. Jee, R.D. Lloyd, B.J. Stover, J.H. Dougherty and G.N. Taylor (Ed.): Delayed effects of bone-seeking radionuclides, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City (1969), 29–49.
Snyder, W.S., M.J. Cook, L.R. Karhausen, E.S. Hasset,G.P. Howells,and I.H. Tipton, Report of the task group on reference man, ICRP report 23, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1975), 290–291.
Bizzozero, O.J., K.G. Johnson and A. Ciocco, Radiation-related leukemia in Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1946–1964. New England J.Med. 274, 1095–1101 (1966).
Mays, C.W., R.D. Lloyd and J.H. Marshall, Malignancy risk to humans from total body γ-ray irradiation. W.S. Snyder (Ed.): Proceedings of the third international congress of the international radiation protection association, USAEC CONF-730907, U.S. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia (1974), 417–428.
Erfle, V., W. Gössner, O. Hug, A. Luz, K.H. Marquart and W.A. Müller, Reports on the Neuherberg long-term experiments with short-lived alpha emitters (Part 1): The dependence of late effects in mice on the temporal distribution of skeletal alpha-doses from Ra-224 and Th-227. (This symposium).
Luz, A., W.A. Müller, W. Gössner and O. Hug, Estimation of tumour risk at low dose from experimental results after incorporation of short-lived bone-seeking alpha emitters 22LfRa and 227Th in mice. M. Lewis (Ed.): Biological and environmental effects of low-level radiation, Vol. II, IAEA, Vienna (1976), 171–181.
Mays, C.W., Cancer induction in man from internal radioactivity. Health Physics _25, 585–592 (1973).
Schales, F., Problems ant! results of a new follow-up study: 224Ra in adult ankylosing spondylitis patients. (This symposium).
Mays, C.W., R.D. Lloyd, G.N. Taylor and D.R. Atherton, Ra toxicity from a pilot study in beagles. Research in Radiobiology, University of Utah Report COO-119–252 (March 1977). (Preprints available from C.W. Mays).
Rowland, R.E. and P.W. Durbin, Survival, causes of death and estimated tissue doses in a group of human beings injected with plutonium. W.S.S. Jee (Ed.): The health effects of plutonium and radium, J.W. Press, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (1976), 329–341.
Hempelmann, L.H., W.H. Langham, C.R. Richmond and G. Voelz, Manhattan proj ect plutonium workers: A 27-year follow up study of selected cases. Health Physics _25, 461–479 (1973).
Rowland, R.E. and A.F. Stehney, Exposure data for radium patients. Argonne National Laboratory Report ANL-7 5–3, Part II (1974), 177–231.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1978 ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels-Luxembourg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mays, C.W., Spiess, H. (1978). Bone sarcoma to man from 224Ra, 226Ra, and 239Pu. In: Müller, W.A., Ebert, H.G. (eds) Biological Effects of 224Ra. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9728-8_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9728-8_22
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-9730-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-9728-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive