Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) was the first and remains the most reliable marker of B-cells despite the increasing number of monoclonal antibodies directed at non-immunoglobulin determinants and used for the characterization of B-cells at various stages of differentiation. Essentially the Ig molecule is a four chain structure composed of two light chains and two heavy chains, with the carboxy terminal sequences of the heavy chains determining whether the molecule is destined for membrane insertion and surface expression or for export. Secreted Ig lacks the hydrophobic membrane insertion sequence and may exist in polymeric forms. The variable domains of the Ig heavy and light chains form the antigen combining site; the amino acid sequences and hence the tertiary structure of this site are unique and act as a marker for a single B-cell clone. Igs are also antigenic, and the variable regions are among the strongest immunogenic areas; antigenic sites in these regions are known as idiotypic determinants.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Honjo, T. (1983). Immunoglobulin genes. Annu. Rev. Immunol .1, 499
Raff, M. C., Megson, M., Owen, J. J. T. and Cooper, M. D. (1976). Early production of intracellular IgM by B lymphocytic precursors in mouse. Nature, 259, 224
Janossy, G., Bollum, F. J., Bradstock, K. F., McMichael, A., Rapson, N. and Greaves M. F. (1979). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase positive cells in normal bone marrow have the antigenic phenotype of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells. J. Immunol .123, 1525
Korsmeyer, S. J., Hieter, P. A., Sharrow, S. O., Goldman, S. K., Leden, P. and Waldman, T. A. (1982). Normal human B cells display ordered light chain gene rearrangements and deletions. J. Exp. Med .156, 975
Hamblin, T. J., Abdul-Ahad, A. K., Gordon, J., Stevenson, F. K. and Stevenson, G. T. (1980). Preliminary experience in treating lymphocytic leukaemia with antibody to immunoglobulin idiotypes on the cell surfaces. Br. J. Cancer, 42, 495
Miller, R. A., Maloney, D. G., Warnke, R. and Levy, R. (1982). Treatment of B-cell lymphoma with monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody. N. Engl. J. Med .306, 517
Williamson, A. R. (1976). The biological origin of antibody diversity. Annu. Rev. Biochem .45, 467
Gordon, J., Abdul-Ahad, A. K., Hamblin, T. J., Stevenson, F. K. and Stevenson, G. T. (1984). Mechanisms of tumor cell escape encountered in treating lymphocytic leukaemia with anti-idiotypic antibody. Br. J. Cancer, 49, 547
Lennert, K., Mohri, N., Stein, H., Kaiserling, E. and Muller-Hermelink, H. K. (1978). Malignant Lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s Disease, (Berlin: Springer-Verlag)
Gearhart, P. J. and Cebra, J. J. (1981). Most B cells that have switched surface immunoglobulin isotypes generate clones of cells that do not secrete IgM. J. Immunol .127, 1030
Raffeld, M., Neckers, L., Longo, D. L. and Cossman, J. (1985). Spontaneous alteration of idiotype in a monoclonal B cell lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med .312, 1653
Meeker, T. C., Lowder, J., Cleary, M., Stewart, S., Warnke, R., Sklar, J. and Levy, R. (1985). Emergence of idiotype variants during treatment of B-cell lymphoma with antiidiotype antibodies. N. Engl. J. Med .312, 1658
Gathings, W. E., Lawton, A. R. and Cooper, M. D. (1977). Immunofluorescent studies of the development of pre-B cells, B lymphocytes and immunoglobulin isotype diversity in humans. Eur. J. Immunol .7 804
Gearhart, P. J., Hurwitz, J. L. and Cebra, J. J. (1980). Successive switching of antibody isotypes expressed within the lines of a B cell clone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77, 5424
Kuritani, T. and Cooper, M. D. (1982). Human B cell differentiation. J. Exp. Med .155, 839
Mayurri, M., Kuritani, T., Kubagawa, H. and Cooper, M. D. (1983). IgG subclass expression by human B lymphocytes and plasma cells: B lymphocytes precommited to IgG subclass can be preferentially induced by polyclonal mitogens with T cell help. J. Immunol .130, 671
Liu, C. P., Tucker, P. W., Muchinsi, J. F. and Blattner, F. R. (1980). Mapping of heavy chain genes for mouse immunoglobulins M and D. Science, 209, 1348
Obata, M., Kataoka, T., Nakai, S., Yamagishi, H., Takahashi, N., Yamawaki-Kataoka, Y., Nikaido, T., Shimizu, A. and Honjo, T. (1981). Structure of a rearranged yi chain gene and its implication to immunoglobulin class switch mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78 2437
Vogler, L. B. and Lawton, A. R. (1985). Ontogeny of B cells and humoral immune functions. Clin. Immunol. Allergy, 5 235
Korsnid, F. R. and Brandtzaeg, P. (1980). Immune systems of human nasopharyngeal and palatine tonsils: histomorphometry of lymphoid components and quantification of immunoglobulin producing cells in health and disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol .39 361
Brandzaeg, P. and Berdal, P. (1975). J chain in malignant human IgG immunocytes. Scand J. ImmunoL, 4 403
Salsano, F., Froland, S. S., Natvig, J. B. and Michaelsen, T. E. (1974). Same idiotype of B lymphocyte membrane IgD and IgM. Formal evidence for monoclonality of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Scand. J. Immunol .3 841
Lukes, R. J. and Collins, R. D. (1974). Immunologic characterization of human malignant lymphomas. Cancer, 34 1488
Anderson, J., Buxbaum, J., Citronbaum, R., Douglas, S., Forni, L., Melchers, F., Pernis, B. and Stoff, D. (1974). IgM producing tumours in the BALBc mouse. A model for B cell maturation. J. Exp. Med .140 742
Greaves, M. F., Delia, D.,Robinson, J.,Sutherland, R. and Newman, R. (1981). Exploration of monoclonal antibodies: A `who’s who’ of haematopoetic malignancy. Blood Cells, 7, 757
Vogler, L. B., Crist, W. M., Bockman, D. E., Pearl, E. R., Lawton, A. R. and Cooper M. D. (1978). Pre B cell leukaemia. N. Engl. J. Med .298 872
Kubagawa, H., Mayumi, M., Crist, W. M. and Cooper, M. D. (1983) Immunoglobulin heavy chain switching in pre-B leukaemias. Nature, 301 340
Korsmeyer, S. J., Arnold, A., Bakhashi, A., Ravetch, J. V., Sibenlist, U., Hieter, P. A., Sharrow, S. O., Le Bien, T. W., Kersey, J. H.,Poplack, D. G., Leder, P. and Waldmann, T. A. (1983). Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and cell surface antigen expression in acute lymphocytic leukaemias of T cell and Bcell precursor origins. J . Clin. Invest .71 301
Bernard, A., Boumsell, L., Dausset, J., Milstein, C. and Schlossman, S. F. (eds). (1984). Leukocyte Typing (Berlin: Springer-Verlag)
Gralnick, H. R., Galton, D. A. G., Catovsky, D., Sultan, C. and Bennett, J. M. (1977). Classification of acute leukaemia. Ann. Intern. Med .87 740
Chen, Y. H. and Heller, P. (1978). Lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin density and immunoglobulin secretion in vitro in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Blood, 52 601
Jayaswal, U., Roath, S., Hyde, R. D., Chisholm, D. M. and Smith, J. L. (1977). Blood lymphocyte surface markers and clinical findings in chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. Br. J HaematoL, 37 207
Hamblin, T. J., Oscier, D. G., Gregg, E. O. and Smith, J. L. (1986). Cell markers in a large single centre series of CLL. Br. J. HaematoL (in press)
Flanegan, N. G., Ridway, J. C., Kozlowski, C. L. and Copsey, P. C. (1982). Clinical and immunological feature in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia presenting in an area of high incidence. Clin. Lab. HaematoL, 4 343
Stevenson, F. K., Hamblin, T. J., Stevenson, G. T. and Tutt, A. L. (1980). Extracellular idiotypic immunoglobulin arising from human leukaemic B lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med .152 1484
Stevenson, F. K., Hamblin, T. J. and Stevenson, F. T. (1981). The nature of immunoglobulin G on the surface of B lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. J. Exp. Med .154 1965
Ling, N. R. (1983). Immunoglobulin as a differentiation and clonal marker. J. Immunol. Meth .65 1.
Clarke, C., Rydell, R. R. and Kaplan, M. E. (1973). Frequent association of IgM with crystalline inclusions in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. N. EngL J. Med .289 113
Cawley, J. C., Smith, J. L., Goldstone, A. H., Emmines, J., Hamblin, T. and Hough, D. (1976). IgA and IgM cytoplasmic inclusions in a series of cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Clin. Exp. Immunol, 23 78
Smith, J. L., Gordon, J., Newell, D. G. and Whisson, M. (1977). The biosynthesis and characterization of unreleased IgM in a case of CLL. Br. J. Haematol .37 217
Berrebi, A., Talmor, M., Vorst, E., Rasnitzky, P. and Shtalnid, M. (1983). IgM lambda globular cytoplasmic inclusions in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia resembling immunocytoma. Scand. J. Haemtol .30 43
Nies, K. M., Marshall, J., Oberlin, M. A., Halpern, M. S. and Brown, J. C. (1976). Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with gamma chain cytoplasmic inclusions. Am. J. Clin. Pathol .,65 948
Bartolini, C., Flanini, G., Gentiloni, N., Barone, C., Gambassi, G. and Terranova, T. (1980). Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma associated with double monoclonal immunoglobulin. Acta Haematol .63, 49
Gordon, J., Smith, J. L., Newell, D., Chisholm, M., Corte, G., Warley, A. and Richardson, N. (1977). Biosynthesis and characterization of intracellular IgDK in a case of CLL. Clin . Exp. Immunol .30 70
Gordon, J. (1984). Molecular aspects of immunoglobulin expression by human B cell leukaemias and lymphomas. Adv. Cancer Res .41 71
Gordon, J., Howlett, A. R. and Smith, J. L. (1978). Free light chain synthesis by neoplastic cells in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and non Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Immunology, 34 397
Newell, D. G., Hannam-Harris, A. C. and Smith, J. L. (1983). The ultrastructural location of immunoglobulin in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells: changes in light and heavy chain distribution induced by mitogen stimulation. Blood, 61 511
Binet, J. L., Catovsky, D., Chandra, P., Dighiero, G., Montserrat, E., Rai, K. K. and Sawitsky, A. (1981). Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Proposals for a revised prognostic staging system. Report from the International Workship on CLL. Br. J. Haematol .48 365
Caligaris-Cappio, F., Gobbi, M., Bergni, L., Campana, D., Lauria, F., Fierro, M. T. and Foa, R. (1984). B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients with stable benign disease show distinctive membrane phenotype. Br. J. Haematol .50 655
Han, T., Ozer, H., Gavigan, M., Gajera, R., Minowada, J., Bloom, M. L., Sadomoni, N., Sandberg, A. A., Gomez, G. A. and Henderson, E. S. (1984). Benign monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis - a benign variant of CLL: clinical, immunoglobulin phenotypic and cytogenic studies in 20 patients. Blood, 64 244
Galton, D. A. G., Goldman, J. M., Wiltshaw, E., Catovsky, D., Henry, K. and Goldenberg, G. J. (1974). Prolymphocytic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol .27 7
Ghani, A. M., Krause, J. R. and Brody, J. P. (1986). Prolymphocytic transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. A report of three cases and a review of the literature. Cancer, 57 75
Bouroncle, B. A., Wiseman, B. K. and Doan, C. A. (1958). Leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis. Blood, 13, 609.
Gordon, J. and Smith, J. L. (1978). Free immunoglobulin light chain synthesis by neoplastic cells in leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol .31 244
Korsmeyer, S. J., Greene, W. C., Cossman, J., Hsu Su-Ming, Neckers, L., Depper, J. M., Leonard, W. J., Jaffe, E. S. and Waldmann, J. A. (1983). Rearrangement and expression of immunoglobulin genes and expression of TAC antigen in hairy cell leukaemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci .USA, 80 4522
Jansen, J., Schuit, H. R. E., Hermans, J. and Higmans, W. (1984). Prognostic significance of immunologic phenotype in hairy cell leukaemia. Blood, 63, 1241
Cawley, J. C., Burns, G. F., Bevan, A., Worman, C. P., Smith, J. L., Gray, L., Barker, C. R. and Hayhoe, F. G. J. (1979). Typical hairy cell leukaemia with IgG K paraproteinaemia. Br. J. Haematol .43 415
Kvaloy, S., Langholm, R., Kaalhus, O., Marton, P. F., Host, H. and Godal, T. (1985). Immunologic subsets in B cell lymphomas defined by surface immunoglobulin isotype and complement receptor - their relationship to survival. Scand. J. Haematol .35, 137
Svedlow, S. H., Habeshaw, J. A., Murray, L. J., Dhaliwal, H. S., Lister, T. A. and Stanfeld, A. G. (1983). Centrocytic lymphoma: A distinct clinicopathologic and immunologic entity. A multiparameter study of 18 cases at diagnosis and relapse. Am. J. Pathol .113 181
Payne, S. V., Smith, J. L., Jones, D. B. and Wright, D. H. (1977). Lymphocyte markers in non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Br. J. Cancer, 36, 57
Godai, T., Lindmo, T., Marton, P. F., Landaas, T. O., Langholm, R., Hoie, J. and Abrahamsen, A. F. (1981). Immunological subsets in human B cell lymphomas. Scand. J. Haematol .14 481
Kraal, G., Weissman, I. L. and Butcher, E. C. (1981). Germinal centre B cells: antigen specificity and changes in heavy chain class expression. Nature, 298 377
Gregg, E. O., Al-Saffar, N., Jones, D. B.,Wright, D. H., Stevenson, F. K. and Smith, J. L. (1984). Immonoglobulin negative follicle centre cell lymphoma. Br. J. Cancer, 50 735
Tubbs, R. R., Fishleder, A., Weiss, R. A., Savage, R. A., Sebek, B. A. and Weick, J. K. (1983). Immunohistologic cellular phenotypes of lymphoproliferative disorders. Am. J. Pathol .113 207
Stein, H., Gerdes, J. and Mason, D. Y. (1982). The normal and malignant germinal centre. Clin. Haematol .11, 531
Porwit-Ksiazek, A., Christensson, B., Lindenmalm, C., Mellstedt, H., Tribukait, B., Biberfield, G. and Biberfield, P. (1983). Characterization of malignant and non neoplastic cell phenotypes in highly malignant non Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Im. J. Cancer, 32 667
Sitia, R., Abbott and Hammerling, K. (1979). The ontogeny of B lymphocytes v. lipopolysaccharide induced changes of IgD expression on murine B lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol .9 859
Habershaw, J. A., Bailey, D., Stansfeld, A. G. and Greaves, M. F. (1983). The cellular content of non Hodgkin’s lymphomas: A comprehensive analysis using monoclonal antibodies and other surface marker techniques. Br. J. Cancer, 47 327
Burns, G. F., Worman, C. P., Roberts, B. E., Raper, C. G. L., Barker, C. R. and Cawley, J. C. (1979). Terminal B cell development as seen in different human myelomas and related disorders. Clin. Exp. Immunol .35 180
Beiske, K., Rudd, E., Drack, A., Marton, P. F. and Godal, T. (1984). Induction of maturation of human B cell lymphomas in vitro . Morphologic changes in relation to immunoglobulin and DNA synthesis. Am. J. Pathol .115 362
van Dougen, J. J. M., Hovijkaas, H., Michiels, J. J., Grosveld, G., de Klein, A., van der Kwart Th. H., Prins, M. E. F., Abels, J. and Hagemayer, A. (1984). Richter’s syndrome with different immunoglobulin light chains and different heavy chain gene rearrangements. Blood,64 571
Crist, W. M., Kelly, D. R., Ragab, A. H., Roper, M., Dearth, J. C., Castleberry, R. P. and Flint, A. (1981). Predictive ability of Lukes Collins classification for immunological phenotypes of childhood non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. An institutional series and literature review. Cancer, 48 2070
Wright, D. H. and Isaacson, P. G. (1984). Biopsy pathology of the lymphoreticular system. (London: Chapman and Hall)
Mellstedt, H., Holm, G., Pettersson, D. and Peest, D. (1982). Idiotype-bearing lymphoid cells in plasma cell neoplasia. Clin. Haematol .11, 65
Caligaris-Cappio, F., Tesio, L., Bergui, L., Malavasi, F., Campana, D. and Janossy, G. (1985). Characterization of CALLA and malignant plasma cell precursors. In Radl, J., Hymans, W., van Camp, B. (eds) Topics in Ageing Research in Europe, vol. 5, p. 119. (Rijswijk: Eurage)
Durie, B. G. M. and Grogan, R. M. (1985). CALLA-positive myeloma: an aggressive subtype with poor survival. Blood, 66 229
Garre, H. J. V., Scarffe, J. H. and Newton, R. K. (1979). Abnormal peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone marrow infiltration in non Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Br. J. Haematol .42 4
Stevenson, G. T., Smith, J. L. and Hamblin, T. J. (1983). Immunological investigation of lymphoid neoplasms . (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)
Johnson, A., Cavallin-Stahl, E. and Akerman, M. (1985). Flow cytometric light chain analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with non Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Br. J. Cancer, 52 159
Herbert, A., Wright, D. H., Isaacson, P. G. and Smith, J. L. (1984). Primary malignant lymphoma of the lung. Histopathology and Immunology of 9 cases. Hum. Pathol .15 415
Hu, E., Thompson, J., Horning, S., Trela, M., Lowder, J., Levy, R. and Sklar, J. (1985). Detection of B cell lymphoma in peripheral blood by DNA hybridization. Lancet, 2 1092
Cleary, M. I., Chao, J., Warnke, R. and Sklar, J. (1984). Immunoglobulin gene rearrange ment as a diagnostic criterion of B cell lymphoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci .USA, 81 593
Pellicci, P., Knowles, D. M. and Favera, R. D. (1985). Lymphoid tumours displaying gene rearrangements of both immunoglobulin and Tcell receptor genes. J. Exp. Med .162 1015
O’Connor, N. J., Weatherall, D. J., Feller, A. C., Jones, D., Pallesen, G., Stein, H., Wainscoat, J. S., Gatter, K. C., Isaacson, P., Lennert, K., Ramsey, A. and Wright, D. H. (1985). Analysis of gene rearrangement in the diagnosis of T cell lymphoma. Lancet, 1 1295
Perry, R. P. and Kelley, D. E. (1979). Immunoglobulin messenger RNAs in murine cell lines that have characteristics of immature B cells. Cell, 18 1333
Stevenson, F. K., Gregg, E. O., Smith, J. L. and Stevenson, G. T. (1984). Secretion of immunoglobulin by neoplastic B lymphocytes from lymph nodes of patients with lymphoma. Br. J. Cancer, 50 579
Hannam-Harris, A. C., Gordon, J. and Smith, J. L. (1980). Immunoglobulin synthesis by neoplastic B lymphocytes: Free light chain synthesis as a marker of B cell differentiation. J. Immunol .125 2177
Stevenson, F. K., Spellerberg, M. and Smith, J. L. (1983). Monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain in urine of patients with B lymphocytic disease: its source and use as a diagnostic aid. Br. J. Cancer, 47 607
Johnstone, A. P., Jensenius, J. C., Millard, R. E. and Hudson, L. (1982). Mitogenstimulated immunoglobulin production by chronic lymphocytic leukaemic lymphocytes. Clin. Exp. Immunol .47 697
Yasuda, N., Kanoh, T., Shirakawa, S. and Uchin, H. (1982). Intracellular immunoglobulin in lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: an immunoelectron microscopic study. Leuk. Res .6 659
Gregg, E. O. (1984). Immunoglobulin production by neoplastic human B lymphocytes. PhD Thesis, University of Southampton
Hannam-Harris, A. C., Gordon, J., Wright, D. H. and Smith, J. L. (1982). Correlation between Ig synthesis patterns and lymphoma classification. Br. J. Cancer, 46 167
Hannam-Harris, A. C. and Smith, J. L. (1981). Induction of balanced immunoglobulin chain synthesis in free light chain producing lymphocytes by mitogen stimulation. J. Immunol .126 1848
Stevenson, F. K., Stevenson, G. T. and Tutt, A. L. (1982). The export of immunoglobulin D by neoplastic B lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med .156 337
Pernis, B., Governa, D. and Rowe, D. S. (1969). Light chain types in plasma cells that produce IgD. Immunology, 16 685
Hannan-Harris, A. C. and Smith, J. L. (1981). Free immunoglobulin light chain synthesis by foetal liver and cord blood lymphocytes. Immunology, 43 417
Gordon, J., Hamblin, T. J., Smith, J. L., Stevenson, F. K. and Stevenson, G. T. (1981). A human B cell lymphoma synthesizing and expressing surface µ chain in the absence of detectable light chain. Blood, 58 552
Godal, T., Lindmo, T., Marton, P. F., Landaas, T. O., Langholm, R., Hoie, J. and Abrahamsen, A. F. (1981). Immunological subsets in human B cell lymphomas. Scand. J. Immunol .14 481
Gordon, J. and Smith, J. L. (1980). Immunoglobulin synthesis by neoplastic cells: models of a clonai transformation from IgM to IgG synthesis. J. Clin. Pathol .331 539
Tutt, A. L., Stevenson, F. K., Smith, J. L. and Stevenson, G. T. (1983). Antibodies against urinary light chain idiotypes as agents for detection and destruction of human neoplastic B lymphocytes. J. Immunol .131 3058
Stevenson, F. K. and Stevenson, G. T. (1986). Therapeutic strategies for B cell malignancies involving idiotype-.anti-idiotype interactions. Intern. Rev. Immunol .1 303
Zola, H. (1985). Differentiation and maturation of human B lymphocytes. A review. Pathology, 17 365
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Smith, J.L., Stevenson, F.K. (1990). Analysis of Immunoglobulin Changes in Lymphoproliferative Diseases. In: Jones, D.B., Wright, D.H. (eds) Lymphoproliferative Diseases. Immunology and Medicine Series, vol 15. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0739-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0739-3_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6817-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0739-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive