Abstract
Federal agencies have led the development of adaptation principles and tools in forest ecosystems over the past decade. Successful adaptation efforts generally require organizations to: (1) develop science-management partnerships, (2) provide education on climate change science, (3) provide a toolkit of methods and processes for vulnerability assessment and adaptation, (4) use multiple models to generate projections of climate change effects, (5) incorporate risk and uncertainty, (6) integrate with multiple management objectives, (7) prioritize no-regrets decision making, (8) support flexibility and adaptive learning, and (9) incorporate adaptation in planning and projects. Resistance, resilience, response, and realignment strategies help to identify the scope of appropriate adaptation options at broad spatial scales in forest ecosystems. At the local scale, it is necessary to: (1) define management objectives, spatial extent, and timeframes, (2) analyze vulnerabilities, (3) determine priorities, (4) develop local tactics associated with strategies, (5) implement plans and projects, and (6) monitor, review, and adjust. The best examples of vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning in forests have occurred in national forests, where science-management partnerships have been established across multiple institutions. Although strategic planning for adaptation has been increasing, implementation of on-the-ground adaptation projects has been rare, primarily because of a lack of budget, personnel, and mandate for action. No one agency or organization can fully meet the challenge of adaptation, but this task is within reach if willing partners work collaboratively toward sustainable management grounded in knowledge of climate science and dynamic ecosystems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aubry, C., Devine, W., Shoal, R., et al. (2011). Climate change and forest biodiversity: A vulnerability assessment and action plan for national forests in western Washington (310 p). Portland: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. http://ecoshare.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/CCFB.pdf
Bagne, K. E., Friggens, M. M., Finch, D. M. (2011). A system for assessing vulnerability of species (SAVS) to climate change (General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-257, 28 p). Fort Collins: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37850
Baron, J. S., Allen, C. D., Fleishman, E., et al. (2008). National parks. In S. H. Julius & J. M. West (Eds.), Preliminary review of adaptation options for climate-sensitive ecosystems and resources: A report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the subcommittee on Climate Change Research (pp. 4-1–4-68). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Baron, J. S., Gunderson, L., Allen, C. D., et al. (2009). Options for national parks and reserves for adapting to climate change. Environmental Management, 44, 1033–1042.
Butler, P. R., Swanston, C. W., Janowiak, M. K., et al. (2012). Adaptation strategies and approaches. In C. W. Swanston & M. K. Janowiak (Eds.), Forest adaptation resources: Climate change tools and approaches for land managers (General Technical Report NRS-87, pp. 15–34). Newtown Square: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Carter, T. R., Parry, M. L., Harasawa, H., & Nishioka, S. (1994). IPCC technical guidelines for assessing climate change impacts and adaptation. Working group 2 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 1–72). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cayan, D. R., Maurer, E. P., Dettinger, M. D., et al. (2008). Climate change scenarios for the California region. Climatic Change, 87, S21–S42.
Center for Island Climate Adaptation and Policy [CICAP]. (2009). A framework for climate change adaptation in Hawaii (30 p). Honolulu: State of Hawaii, Ocean Resources Management Plan Working Group; University of Hawaii, Center for Island Climate Adaptation and Policy.
Clean Air Act of 1970; 42 U.S.C. s/s 7401 et seq.
Clean Water Act of 1977; 33 U.S.C. s/s 1251 et seq.
Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange [CAKE]. (2011). CAKE: Climate adaptation knowledge exchange. http://www.cakex.org. 28 Dec 2011.
Cole, D. N., & Yung, L. (2010). Beyond naturalness: Rethinking park and wilderness stewardship in an era of rapid change (304 p). Washington, DC: Island Press.
Crook, J. A., & Forster, P. M. (2011). A balance between radiative forcing and climate feedback in the modeled 20th century temperature response. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, D17108.
Daly, C., Conklin, D. R., & Unsworth, M. H. (2009). Local atmospheric decoupling in complex topography alters climate change impacts. International Journal of Climatology, 30, 1857–1864.
Daniels, A. E., Morrison, J. F., Joyce, L. A., et al. (2012). Climate projections FAQ (General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-277WWW, 32 p). Fort Collins: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
Endangered Species Act of 1973 [ESA], 16 U.S.C. 1531–1536, 1538–1540.
ESSA. (2011). Vegetation dynamics development tool (VDDT). http://essa.com/tools/vddt. 28 Dec 2011.
Exec. Order No. 13,514, 74 Fed. Reg. 194, 52117 (2009, October 8). Federal leadership in environmental, energy, and economic performance. http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/ceq/sustainability. 28 Dec 2011.
Exline, J., Graber, D., Stephenson, N., et al. (2009). A strategic framework for science in support of management in the Southern Sierra Nevada ecoregion: A collaboratively developed approach (24 p). Three Rivers: Southern Sierra Nevada Ecoregion. http://www.nps.gov/seki/naturescience/upload/strategic-framework-2.pdf. 27 Dec 2011.
Furniss, M. J., Roby, K. B., Cenderelli, D., et al. (2013). Assessing the vulnerability of watersheds to climate change (General Technical Report PNW-GTR-884, 308 p). Portland: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Furniss, M. J., Staab, B. P., Hazelhurst, S., et al. (2010). Water, climate change, and forests: Watershed stewardship for a changing climate (General Technical Report GTR-PNW-812, 75 p). Portland: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
GallopÃn, G. C. (2006). Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity. Global Environmental Change, 16, 293–303.
Glick, P., Stein, B. A., Edelson, N. A., (Eds.). (2011). Scanning the conservation horizon: A guide to climate change vulnerability assessment (176 p). Washington, DC: National Wildlife Federation. http://www.nwf.org/vulnerabilityguide. 27 Dec 2011.
Halofsky, J. E., Peterson, D. L., O’Halloran, K. A., & Hawkins Hoffman, C. (2011). Adapting to climate change at Olympic National Forest and Olympic National Park (General Technical Report PNW-GTR-844, 130 p). Portland: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Harris, J. A., Hobbs, R. J., Higgs, E., & Aronson, J. (2006). Ecological restoration and global climate change. Restoration Ecology, 14, 170–176.
Helbrecht, L., Jackson, A., Speaks, P., co-chairs. (2011). Washington State climate change response strategy: Interim recommendations from Topic Advisory Group 3 on species, habitats and ecosystems. (Topic Advisory Group 3 interim report, February 2011, 95 p). Olympia: State of Washington, Department of Ecology.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC]. (2001). Climate change 2001: Mitigation. Third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Working Group III (753 p). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jackson, S. T. (2012). Conservation and resource management in a changing world: Extending historical range of variation beyond the baseline. In J. Wiens, C. Regan, G. Hayward, & H. Safford (Eds.), Historical environmental variation in conservation and natural resource management (pp. 92–110). New York: Springer.
Jamison, R., Cook, K., Sandison, D., co-chairs. (2011). Washington state integrated climate change response strategy: Interim recommendations of the natural resources: Working lands and water topic advisory group. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/2011TAGdocs/R2011_interimreport.pdf
Janowiak, M. K., Butler, P. R., Swanston, C. W., et al. (2011a). Adaptation workbook. In C. W. Swanston & M. K. Janowiak (Eds.), Forest adaptation resources: Climate change tools and approaches for land managers (General Technical Report NRS-87, pp. 35–56). Newtown Square: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. Chapter 3.
Janowiak, M. K., Swanston, C. W., Nagel, L. M., et al. (2011b). Silvicultural decision-making in an uncertain climate future: A workshop-based exploration of considerations, strategies, and approaches (General Technical Report NRS-81, 14 p). Newtown Square: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Johnstone, M., & Williamson, T. (2007). A framework for assessing climate change vulnerability of the Canadian forest sector. The Forestry Chronicle, 83, 358–361.
Joyce, L. A., Blate, G. M., Littell, J. S., et al. (2008). National forests. In S. H. Julius & J. M. West (Eds.), Preliminary review of adaptation options for climate-sensitive ecosystems and resources: A report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Climate Change Research (pp. 3-1–3-127). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chapter 3.
Joyce, L. A., Blate, G. M., McNulty, S. G., et al. (2009). Managing for multiple resources under climate change. Environmental Management, 44, 1022–1032.
Kohm, K. A., Franklin, J. F., (Eds.). (1997). Creating a forestry for the 21st century: The science of ecosystem management (475 p). Washington, DC: Island Press.
Lackey, R. T. (1995). Seven pillars of ecosystem management. Landscape and Urban Planning, 40, 21–30.
Lindner, M., Maroschek, M., Netherer, S., et al. (2010). Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability of European forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 698–709.
Littell, J. S., & Peterson, D. L. (2005). A method for estimating vulnerability of Douglas-fir growth to climate change in the northwestern U.S. The Forestry Chronicle, 81, 369–374.
Littell, J. S., Oneil, E. E., McKenzie, D., et al. (2010). Forest ecosystems, disturbance, and climatic change in Washington State, USA. Climatic Change, 102, 129–158.
Littell, J. S., Peterson, D. L., Millar, C. I., & O’Halloran, K. A. (2011). U.S. National forests adapt to climate change through science-management partnerships. Climatic Change, 110, 269–296.
Margoluis, R., Salafsky, N. (1998). Measures of success: Designing, managing, and monitoring conservation and development projects (384 p). Washington, DC: Island Press.
McGuire, E. M., Littell, J., Whitely Binder, L., (Eds.). (2009). The Washington climate change impacts assessment (414 p). Seattle: University of Washington, Center for Science in the Earth System, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans, Climate Impacts Group.
McKenney, D., Pedlar, J., & O’Neill, G. (2009). Climate change and forest seed zones: Past trends, future prospects and challenges to ponder. The Forestry Chronicle, 85, 258–266.
McLachlan, J. S., Hellmann, J. J., & Schwart, M. W. (2007). A framework for debate of assisted migration in an era of climate change. Conservation Biology, 21, 297–302.
Metz, B., Davidson, O., Swart, R., Pan, J., (Eds.). (2001). Climate change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (700 p). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Millar, C. I., Stephenson, N. L., & Stephens, S. L. (2007). Climate change and forests of the future: Managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecological Applications, 17, 2145–2151.
Milly, P. C. D., Betancourt, J., Falkenmark, M., et al. (2008). Stationarity is dead: Whither water management? Science, 319, 573–574.
Minnesota Forest Resources Council [MFRC]. (2011). Landscape management documents. http://www.frc.state.mn.us/resources_documents_landscape.html. 28 Dec 2011.
Morelli, T. L., McGlinchy, M. C., & Neilson, R. P. (2011a). A climate change primer for land managers: An example from the Sierra Nevada (Research Paper PSW-RP-262, 44 p). Albany: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.
Morelli, T. L., Yeh, S., Smith, N., et al. (2011b). Climate project screening tool: An aid for climate change adaptation (Research Paper PSW-RP-263, 29 p). Albany: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.
Moser, S. C., & Luers, A. L. (2008). Managing climate risks in California: The need to engage resource managers for successful adaptation to change. Climatic Change, 87, S309–S322.
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 [NEPA]; 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.
National Forest Management Act of 1976 [NFMA]. (1976). Act of October 22, 1976; 16 U.S.C. 1600.
National Park Service [NPS]. (2010). Climate change response strategy: Science, adaptation, mitigation, communication (26 p). Fort Collins/Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Climate Change Response Program/U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service.
National Research Council, Committee on Abrupt Climate Change. (2002). Abrupt climate change: Inevitable surprises (230 p). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Nitschke, C. R., & Innes, J. L. (2008). Integrating climate change into forest management in south-central British Columbia: An assessment of landscape vulnerability and development of a climate-smart framework. Forest Ecology and Management, 256, 313–327.
North Carolina State University [NCSU]. (2011). TACCIMO: Template for assessing climate change impacts and management options. http://www.sgcp.ncsu.edu:8090
North Cascadia Adaptation Partnership. (2011). North Cascadia Adaptation Partnership: Preparing for climate change through science-management collaboration. http://northcascadia.org
Northern Arizona University [NAU]. (2011). Tribes and climate change. http://www4.nau.edu/tribalclimatechange
Nydick, K., & Sydoriak, C. (2011). The strategic framework for science in support of management in the Southern Sierra Nevada, California. Park Science, 28, 41–43.
Overpeck, J., & Udall, B. (2010). Dry times ahead. Science, 328, 1642–1643.
Pacific Forest Trust [PFT]. (2011). Working forests, winning climates. http://www.pacificforest.org/Working-Forests-Winning-Climate.html. 27 Dec 2011.
Peterson, D. L., Parker, V. T., (Eds.). (1998). Ecological scale: Theory and applications (608 p). New York: Columbia University Press.
Peterson, D. L., Millar, C. I., Joyce, L. A., et al. (2011). Responding to climate change on national forests: A guidebook for developing adaptation options (General Technical Report PNW-GTR-855, 109 p). Portland: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Potter, K. M., & Crane, B. S. (2010). Assessing forest tree genetic risk across the southern Appalachians: A tool for conservation decision-making in changing times. http://www.forestthreats.org/current-projects/project-summaries/genetic-risk-assessment-system.
Raymond, C. L., Peterson, D. L., & Rochefort, R. M. (2013). The North Cascadia adaptation partnership: A science-management collaboration for responding to climate change. Sustainability, 5, 136–159.
Ricciardi, A., & Simberloff, D. (2009). Assisted colonization is not a viable conservation strategy. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 24, 248–253.
Rice, J., Tredennick, A., & Joyce, L. A. (2012). Climate change on the Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming: A synthesis of past climate, climate projections, and ecosystem implications (General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-264, 60 p). Fort Collins: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
Rose, K. A. (2010). Tribal climate change adaptation options: A review of the scientific literature (86 p). Seattle: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Office of Air, Waste and Toxics.
Scott, D., & McBoyle, G. (2007). Climate change adaptation in the ski industry. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12, 1411–1431.
Scott, D., McBoyle, G., Minogue, A., & Mills, B. (2006). Climate change and the sustainability of ski-based tourism in Eastern North America: A reassessment. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14, 376–398.
Sedjo, R. (2010). Adaptation of forests to climate change: Some estimates (Discussion Paper RFF DP 10-06, 51 p). Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
Seppälä, R., Buck, A., & Katila, P. (Eds.). (2009a). Adaptation of forests and people to climate change: A global assessment report (IUFRO world series, 224 p, Vol. 22). Vienna: International Union of Forest Research Organizations.
Seppälä, R., Buck, A., & Katila, P. (Eds.). (2009b). Making forest lands fit for climate change: A global view of climate-change impacts on forests and people and options for adaptation (Policy brief, 39 p). Helsinki: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland: International Union of Forest Research Organizations.
Snover, A., Whitley Binder, L., Lopez, J., Willmott, E., Kay, J., Howell, D., Simmonds, J. (2007). Preparing for climate change: A guidebook for local, regional, and state governments (172 p). Oakland: In association with and published by ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability.
Solomon, S., Quin, D., Manning, M. et al., (Eds.). (2007). Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (996 p) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Solomon, A., Birdsey, R., Joyce, R., Hayes, J. (2009). Forest Service global change research strategy overview, 2009–2019. FS-917a (18 p). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research and Development. http://www.fs.fed.us/climatechange/documents/global-change-strategy.pdf
Spittlehouse, D. L. (2005). Integrating climate change adaptation into forest management. The Forestry Chronicle, 81, 691–695.
Stephenson, N. L., & Millar, C. I. (2012). Climate change: Wilderness’ greatest challenge. Park Science, 28, 34–38.
Swanston, C. W., & Janowiak, M. K. (2012). Forest adaptation resources: Climate change tools and approaches for land managers (General Technical Report NRS-87, 121 p). Newtown Square: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Swanston, C. W., Janowiak, M., Iverson, L., et al. (2011). Ecosystem vulnerability assessment and synthesis: A report from the climate change response framework project in northern Wisconsin (General Technical Report NRS-82, 142 p). Newtown Square: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Swanston, C. W., Janowiak, M. K., & Butler, P. R. (2012). Climate change response framework overview. In C. W. Swanston & M. K. Janowiak (Eds.), Forest adaptation resources: Climate change tools and approaches for land managers (General Technical Report NRS-87, pp. 8–14). Newtown Square: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Swinomish Indian Tribal Community [SITC]. (2010). Swinomish climate change initiative: Climate adaptation action plan (144 p). La Conner: Swinomish Tribal Community, Office of Planning and Community Development.
Tapash Sustainable Forest Collaborative. (2010). The Tapash sustainable forest collaborative: Collaborative forest landscape restoration program. http://www.tapash.org/cflra.htm. 27 Dec 2011.
The Nature Conservancy [TNC]. (2011a). Climate Wizard. http://www.climatewizard.org. 28 Dec 2011.
The Nature Conservancy [TNC]. (2011b). NaturePeopleFuture.org: TNC’s knowledge base for climate change adaptation. http://www.naturepeoplefuture.org. 28 Dec 2011.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service [USDA FS]. (2008). Forest Service strategic framework for responding to climate change (Version 1). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/climatechange/documents/strategic-framework-climate-change-1-0.pdf
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service [USDA FS]. (2011a). Climate Change Resource Center (CCRC). http://www.fs.fed.us/ccrc
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service [USDA FS]. (2011b). National roadmap for responding to climate change. FS-957B (32 p). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/climatechange/pdf/roadmapfinal.pdf
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service [USDA FS]. (2011c, August). Navigating the performance scorecard: A guide for national forests and grasslands (Version 2) (104 p). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/climatechange/advisor/scorecard/scorecard-guidance-08-2011.pdf. 27 Dec 2011.
U.S. Department of the Interior [DOI]. (2009). Secretarial order no. 3289. Addressing the impacts of climate change on America’s water, land, and other natural and cultural resources.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service [DOI FWS]. (2011, March). Landscape conservation cooperatives: Shared science for a sustainable future. Fact sheet. http://www.fws.gov/science/shc/pdf/LCC_Fact_Sheet.pdf
U.S. Global Change Research Program [USGCRP]. (2011). The United States national climate assessment: Uses of vulnerability assessments for the national climate assessment (NCA Report Series, vol 9). http://downloads.globalchange.gov/nca/workshop-reports/vulnerability-assessments-workshop-report.pdf
Walters, C. (1986). Adaptive management of renewable resources (374 p). New York: Macmillan.
Washington State Department of Ecology. (2012). Preparing for a changing climate: Washington state’s integrated climate response strategy. Olympia: Washington State Department of Ecology, Climate Policy Group. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/ipa_responsestrategy.htm
Weeks, D., Malone, P., & Welling, L. (2011). Climate change scenario planning: A tool for managing parks into uncertain futures. Park Science, 28, 26–33.
Western Governors Association [WGA]. (2009). Supporting the integration of climate change adaptation science in the West (Policy Resolution 09-2, 3 p). Denver: Western Governors’ Association.
Western Governors Association [WGA]. (2010). Climate adaptation priorities for the western states: Scoping report (20 p). Denver: Western Governors Association.
Wiens, J. A., & Bachelet, D. E. (2010). Matching the multiple scales of conservation with the multiple scales of climate change. Conservation Biology, 24, 51–62.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht (outside the USA)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Millar, C.I., Swanston, C.W., Peterson, D.L. (2014). Adapting to Climate Change. In: Peterson, D., Vose, J., Patel-Weynand, T. (eds) Climate Change and United States Forests. Advances in Global Change Research, vol 57. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7515-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7515-2_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7514-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7515-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)